Январь 2026

Российская наука и мир (по материалам зарубежной электронной прессы)

CONTENTS / ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ


• After half a decade, the Russian space station segment stopped leaking
• Underwater station to monitor K-27 sub
• One of the last Siberian shamans was an 18th-century woman whose parents were related, DNA study reveals
• This dinosaur really knew how to get a grip
• Researchers harness nonlinear Compton scattering to create sharper, multicolor gamma-ray beams
• No thyme wasted: Harnessing the medicinal benefits of thyme extract with small doses
• Wolf’s dinner preserved in Siberia for 14,400 years sheds light on woolly rhino
• Archaeologists in Siberia have discovered medieval child graves filled with treasures
• Ancient burial mound may be hidden on the campus of Siberia’s oldest university
• Un groupe de scientifiques russes a développé une méthode innovante pour recycler les batteries au lithium-ion usagées
• Deuterium tracing used for hydrothermal conversion of high-sulfur crude
• Archaeologists uncover little-known rare knife collection spanning from the Xiongnu era to the Middle Ages
• Archaeologists unearth unprecedented 16th-century river pier on the banks of Russia’s Volkhov River

Утечка воздуха в одном из модулей российского сегмента Международной космической станции наконец прекратилась. Впервые ее обнаружили в 2019 году, однако ни одна из попыток устранить проблему полностью не увенчалась успехом - после ремонта и герметизации микротрещины появлялись в новых местах. Точную причину их возникновения также не удалось выяснить.

A small section of the International Space Station that has experienced persistent leaks for years appears to have stopped venting atmosphere into space.
The leaks were caused by microscopic structural cracks inside the small PrK module on the Russian segment of the space station, which lies between a Progress spacecraft airlock and the Zvezda module. The problem has been a long-running worry for Russian and US operators of the station, especially after the rate of leakage doubled in 2024. This prompted NASA officials to label the leak as a "high likelihood" and "high consequence" risk.
However, recently two sources indicated that the leaks have stopped. And NASA has now confirmed this.
"Holding steady"
"Following additional inspections and sealing activities, the pressure in the transfer tunnel attached to the Zvezda Service Module of the International Space Station, known as the PrK, is holding steady in a stable configuration," a space agency spokesman, Josh Finch, told Ars. "NASA and Roscosmos continue to monitor and investigate the previously observed cracks for any future changes that may occur."
For the better part of half a decade, Russian cosmonauts have been searching for the small leaks like a proverbial needle in a haystack. They would periodically close the hatch leading to the PrK module and then, upon re-opening it, look for tiny accumulations of dust to indicate the leak sites.
Then the Russian cosmonauts would apply a sealant known as Germetall-1 (which has now been patented) to the cracks. They would close the hatch again, monitor the pressure inside the PrK module, and begin the search anew for additional leaks. This process went on for years.
Their success with the long-running leak problem probably will not prevent new leaks from developing in the decades-old hardware. The Zvezda module was launched a quarter of a century ago, in July 2000, on a Russian Proton rocket. The cracking issue first appeared in 2019, and despite the long-running investigations, its precise cause remains unknown. But this is a nice win in space for both Russia and NASA.
NASA appears confident in pad repairs, too
There is other potential good news on the horizon regarding Russia’s civil space program. This involves the country’s primary launch pad for getting people and cargo to the International Space Station.
The problems there occurred when a Soyuz rocket launched Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergei Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikayev, as well as NASA astronaut Christopher Williams, on an eight-month mission to the International Space Station in late November. The rocket had no difficulties, but a large mobile platform below the rocket was not properly secured prior to the launch and crashed into the flame trench below, taking the pad offline.
It is unclear when the pad, Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, will come back online.
Russia had been targeting a return-to-flight mission in March 2026. NASA now appears to believe that. The US space agency’s internal schedule, which was recently updated, has the next Progress spacecraft launch set for March 22, followed by another Progress mission on April 26. The next Soyuz crewed mission, MS-29, remains scheduled for July 14th. This flight will carry NASA astronaut Anil Menon to the space station.

Ученые из НИЦ «Курчатовский институт» и Института океанологии им. П.П.Ширшова РАН ежегодно проводят мониторинг состояния подводных объектов в Арктике, представляющих радиационную опасность. В ходе последней экспедиции в декабре 2025 года исследователи выбрали зону для размещения автономной подводной станции, предназначенной для непрерывного мониторинга реакторов атомной подводной лодки К-27, затопленной в 1981 году в Карском море.

Scientists from the National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, and the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences annually conduct naval expeditions aimed at monitoring the condition of underwater radiation hazardous objects in the Arctic. The most recent expedition, completed in December 2025 aboard the research vessel Akademik Ioffe, inspected the sunken nuclear submarine K-27 in Stepovoy Bay near Novaya Zemlya.
Measurements show that protective barriers isolating the nuclear fuel from the marine environment still remain intact. Based on these findings, the specialists selected a coastal area for a future underwater station designed to provide continuous 24/7 radiation monitoring of the K-27 reactors. The Kurchatov Institute is completing work on the underwater station, which is an unattended device with a long service life and the ability to remotely configure equipment. Similar stations are expected to be used in the future at other sunken radiation hazardous facilities.
The soviet nuclear submarine K-27 was built in 1962. In 1968, a radiation accident occurred on the gusset, after which it was taken out of service. In 1981, the submarine was sunk in the Kara Sea near the Novaya Zemlya archipelago at the entrance to Stepovoy Bay.
K-27-Soviet nuclear submarine, the only ship built under the project 645 ZHMT with lead-bismuth-cooled RM-1 fast reactors entered service in 1962. From April to June 1964, she made a record-breaking autonomous voyage to the waters of the Central Atlantic, winning several awards. However, in May 1968, a radiation accident occurred and the entire crew of 105 people suffered acute radiation sickness, nine of whom died. In February 1979, the boat was excluded from the Soviet Navy and disbanded in October 1980. In September 1982, it was scuttled in the Kara Sea off the northeast coast of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago at the entrance to Stepovoi Bay at a depth of 31 metres.
In September 2024, during the fifth expedition conducted by the Emergencies Ministry, divers undertook a detailed survey of the vessel despite severe weather conditions, including snowstorms and low air and water temperatures. The work was carried out using underwater drones Rovbuilder-600 and Falcon with a gamma-ray spectrometer from the Kurchatov Institute.
Institute experts say the K-27 nuclear submarine requires regular monitoring to check the protective barriers that prevent radioactivity from entering the marine environment. During the December expedition, the scientists conducted a series of geological and geomorphological studies of the coast of Stepovoy Bay to identify the best site for the underwater radiation monitor. A test version of the monitor is currently operating at the Institute.
The expedition also used underwater spectrometers, which the Kurchatov Institute has been developing since the mid-1990s. Currently, the fifth generation of these devices is being created. Spectrometers of the REM-4x series have proved excellent when conducting surveys of underwater radiation-hazardous objects, including nuclear submarines.

Французские, российские и датские археологи и генетики проанализировали останки 122 человек, проживавших на территории Якутии в последние 2000 лет, уделив основное внимание периоду 1500-1922 гг; для 105 из них удалось получить геномные данные. Это позволило составить представление о биологических, медицинских и социальных последствиях масштабных преобразований после завоевания Русским государством в 1632 г. В частности, исследование показало, что колонизация, приведшая к изменению традиционного образа жизни и распространению инфекционных заболеваний, не оказала, однако, существенного влияния на генофонд и микробиом местных жителей.

The centuries-old mummified remains of Indigenous Siberians are revealing secrets about their genetics over a vast period - before, during and after Russia's conquest of their land - including that a female shaman buried in a red woolen dress had closely related parents, a new study finds.
Archaeologists recovered the naturally mummified remains of more than 100 Indigenous Yakuts who were buried in Siberia between the 14th and 19th centuries. Their DNA analysis of the bodies shows that the Yakuts resisted Russian attempts at conquest and Christianization in a way that typically isn't seen in Indigenous populations.
The researchers detailed their archaeogenetic investigations in Yakutia (also called the Sakha Republic), the northeastern part of Siberia and one of the coldest regions on the planet, in a study published Wednesday (Jan. 7) in the journal Nature. After nearly 16 years of archaeological excavation, researchers had uncovered 122 individuals from four regions of Yakutia dated to before and after the Russian Empire began its conquest of Siberia in 1632. The research team then analyzed the Indigenous Yakuts' DNA to test whether Russian conquest changed their genetics.
They found that the genetic origins of the modern Yakuts dated back to the 12th to 13th centuries, which confirms the Yakuts' oral histories. But unlike what happened in other colonial conquests - such as the Hispanic conquest of the Americas - the researchers did not find strong evidence of population decline or intermixing between Russians and Yakuts.
"The analyses show that Yakut genetic heritage has remained stable from the 16th century to today," study co-author Perle Guarino-Vignon, a postdoctoral researcher at the Saint-Antoine Research Center in Paris, said in a statement. "There was therefore no conquest through demographic replacement, possibly due to the logistical difficulties of settling in such an extreme environment."
The researchers also investigated the Yakuts' oral microbiome - the community of microorganisms that lives in a person's mouth - by analyzing the mummies' teeth and dental plaque. Although the scientists hypothesized that the microbiome would change over time due to Russian settlers' introduction of foods like barley, rye and tobacco, the analysis revealed that the Yakuts' microbiome was strikingly stable in spite of the Russian conquest.
Shamanism in Siberia
The Yakut graves also revealed that traditional shamanism was practiced well into the late 18th century, long after Russia had attempted to Christianize the Yakuts. The last Yakut shaman, a woman who was in her 30s when she died over 250 years ago, also held a DNA surprise: Her parents were second-degree relatives, which could mean they were half-siblings, uncle and niece or aunt and nephew, or grandparent and grandchild, study co-author Ludovic Orlando, a molecular geneticist at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), told Live Science in an email.
The last Yakut shamaness was discovered in central Yakutia at a site called Us Sergue, and the researchers refer to her as UsSergue1. She was buried in a tree-trunk coffin and wore several layers of clothing, including a traditional Yakut ushanka hat and leather thigh-high leg warmers. Although she wore a red woolen dress made from imported blankets, she also had characteristics of Indigenous shamans, including a "bride's belt" accessory. Nearby, archaeologists found a pit with three horse skeletons, one of which had accessories with designs matching the woman's dress.
"We interpret UsSergue1 as an embodiment of her clan," Orlando said, as a way for them "to preserve their traditional and spiritual traditions." Around the time UsSergue1 was buried, Christianity was on the rise, but "some Yakut clans may have resisted and stuck to their traditions, including shamanism," Orlando added.
The high inbreeding level of UsSergue1 was a surprise, however. The researchers' DNA analysis of kinship among the skeletons revealed numerous relatives buried near one another, but UsSergue1 was the most inbred Yakut, the researchers wrote in the study. She was also descended from the most powerful clan and was the last shaman of her kind.
But the researchers don't know exactly how her parents were related or whether this union was considered anomalous.
"We can only tell that her parents were second-degree relatives," Orlando said. And since several other shaman burials were found, none of which had inbred parents, "we don't think that anyone needed to be a highly-consanguine person to be a shaman," Orlando added.
The historical Yakut burials gave the researchers a treasure trove of information about Indigenous life in centuries past. "Preservation in this environment is unmatched," study co-author Éric Crubézy, a biological anthropologist at CNRS, said in a statement, and "the bodies were so intact that we could conduct autopsies." Even beyond the bodies, "their clothing and jewellery also survived intact, providing a rare opportunity to compare biological and cultural data," Crubezy said.

Российские ученые из Палеонтологического института им. А.А.Борисяка РАН описали новый вид мелких динозавров из группы парвикурсорин (Parvicursorinae) - манипулоникс Решетова (Manipulonyx reshetovi). Фрагменты его скелета впервые были обнаружены в 1979 г. в Монголии советским палеонтологом В.Ю.Решетовым. На передних конечностях у манипулоникса был гипертрофированный коготь и несколько небольших шипов, что значительно улучшало кистевой захват динозавра и, возможно, использовалось им для добычи пропитания - например, для кражи яиц из кладок более крупных динозавров.

Under the cover of darkness 67 million years ago, a dog-size dinosaur crept up to the nest of a bigger, unsuspecting contemporary. Its goal: to snatch a large egg.
The tiny thief had a handy hack to get to that meal: a multitooled forelimb comprising a giant claw, two side digits and a set of spikes that were ideal for clutching the smooth surface of an egg. Researchers described this bizarre hand, and the dinosaur it belonged to, in December in the Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The team named the species Manipulonyx reshetovi. The spike-covered hand of Manipulonyx (or "manipulating claw") turned heads.
"I’ve honestly never been more flabbergasted by any dinosaur fossil," said Stephen Brusatte, a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh who was not involved in the study. At first glance, he wondered if it could be "some kind of lobster larvae or starfish," he said.
A Russian paleontologist unearthed a fragmentary skeleton of the animal in 1979 in the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. The area’s rocks date back to the Late Cretaceous period some 67 million years ago, when this region was a swampy river delta home to diverse dinosaurs, including armored ankylosaurs, dome-headed pachycephalosaurs and the Tyrannosaurus rex cousin Tarbosaurus.
Scurrying underfoot were Manipulonyx, which belonged to a family of diminutive dinosaurs known as alvarezsaurids. These animals possessed tiny forearms that ended in one large digit with a hook-like claw. The other fingers were much smaller. That led some scientists to mistake the dinosaurs for flightless birds.
How alvarezsaurids used their peculiar paws has incited debate. Some scientists think the mysterious mitts dug up insects like modern anteaters. Others have argued that the long-legged dinosaurs could not reach the ground, because of their short arms, and instead ate eggs.
Adding to the confusion was that paleontologists had yet to find the delicate carpal bones in the animal’s wrists that connected their hands and forearms. That is why Alexander Averianov, a paleontologist at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, was so excited when he came across the Manipulonyx specimen and realized the animal’s arms were intact. "The Manipulonyx skeleton is unique in its superb preservation," said Dr. Averianov, lead author of the new paper. "It is the only known specimen to show articulated carpal bones, reduced side fingers and hand spikes."
Manipulonyx’s hand spikes were likely encased in keratin, the same material in fingernails. One was on the inside of the dinosaur’s hand, with another wedged between its large finger and its smaller side fingers. The third spike jutted out of the reptile’s palm.
According to Michael Pittman, a paleontologist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong who was not involved in the study, these spikes were "totally unexpected" based on other alvarezsaurid fossils. In 2011, Dr. Pittman helped describe Linhenykus, an alvarezsaurid that possessed only one finger. He said the new fossils were just as surprising, which is "quite a feat for a dinosaur group already known for its strange arms and hands."
Dr. Averianov believes that other alvarezsaurids closely related to Manipulonyx had barbed hands, but that feature has yet to turn up in the fossil record. He and his colleagues posit that Manipulonyx used the spikes and the side fingers to grip the slippery surfaces of eggs before using their large claw to crack the shells. They suspect that Manipulonyx raided nests at night - alvarezsaurids most likely possessed large eyes and good hearing.
Alvarezsaurids appear to have had a penchant for pilfering eggs from oviraptorosaurs, a group of dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks once thought to be egg snatchers, too. Further research suggested that oviraptorosaurs were instead doting parents that vigilantly guarded their nests. Another alvarezsaurid skeleton in China was found alongside bits of eggshell from an oviraptorid dinosaur. The original label attached to the Manipulonyx specimen also notes nearby fossilized eggshells.
Dr. Brusatte thinks the egg-snatching hypothesis is plausible, but he wouldn’t rule out the dinosaurs using their hands for something even stranger.
"All I’m confident in saying is that they weren’t using these arms and hands to fly or swim," he said. "Beyond that, let your imaginations run wild."

Гамма-лучи, получаемые с помощью лазеров и электронных пучков, до сих пор имели один существенный недостаток: слишком «размытый» спектр излучения. Это снижало яркость и точность, ограничивая применение лучей в областях, где важна четкость изображения, например, в медицинской диагностике. Сколтех, МИФИ и Всероссийский НИИ автоматики им. Н.Л.Духова решили проблему, «наслаивая» много коротких импульсов с контролируемыми задержками в сформированную последовательность. Это позволяет повысить яркость и четкость, а также получить гамма-лучи нескольких «цветов» одновременно.

Researchers from Skoltech, MEPhI, and the Dukhov All-Russian Research Institute of Automation have proposed a new method to create compact gamma-ray sources that are simultaneously brighter, sharper, and capable of emitting multiple "colors" of gamma rays at once.
This opens up possibilities for more accurate medical diagnostics, improved material inspection, and even the production of isotopes for medicine directly in the laboratory. The work has been published as a Letter in the journal Physical Review A.
Gamma rays produced using lasers and electron beams represent a promising technology, but until now they have had a significant drawback: the emission spectrum was too "blurred." This reduced brightness and precision, limiting their applications in areas where clarity is crucial - such as scanning dense materials or medical imaging.
The team shows that by "stacking" many short laser pulses into a precisely shaped train, they can strongly suppress the spectral broadening that has so far limited nonlinear Compton (Thomson) sources, and even create simultaneous multicolor gamma-ray beams from a single interaction.
Why gamma rays from lasers matter
When a high-energy electron beam collides head-on with an intense laser pulse, the electrons scatter the light and emit X-rays or gamma rays - a process known as inverse Compton scattering. Such laser-driven sources can be compact, tunable, and much more spectrally "clean" than conventional bremsstrahlung sources, making them attractive for:
• nuclear photonics and non-destructive inspection of dense objects,
• advanced medical imaging and isotope production,
• nanostructure and materials studies,
• diagnostics of high-density matter.
At very high laser intensities (so-called nonlinear Compton regime), electrons feel strong light pressure and emit radiation at higher harmonics of the laser frequency. In principle, this should allow bright, narrow-band gamma-ray lines, but in practice, the changing laser intensity across a realistic pulse envelope causes ponderomotive broadening of the spectrum - smearing out the lines and reducing brightness.
Flat-top pulses from "laser Lego"
The new work tackles this bottleneck by engineering the temporal shape of the laser field. Instead of a single smooth Gaussian pulse, the authors propose to coherently add ("stack") many identical short pulses with controlled delays, producing an overall envelope that is much closer to an ideal flat-top (rectangular) pulse.
Coherently stacking 10 moderately strong Gaussian pulses produces a nearly flat-topped electric field (black curve) compared with a single long pulse of the same total energy (blue curve). For the same peak field strength, the stacked pulse produces about three times more photons within ± 1% of the spectral peak than the single long Gaussian pulse - a direct measure of increased spectral brightness.
"The idea is conceptually simple: instead of one 'bell-shaped' flash of light, we build a flat light 'plateau' out of many smaller flashes," explains Associate Professor Sergey Rykovanov from the Skoltech AI Center. "Electrons then see almost constant intensity while they radiate, which prevents the usual nonlinear broadening of the gamma-ray line."
Turning one beam into a multicolor gamma source
Beyond narrowing the spectrum, pulse stacking also enables multicolor emission. In another configuration, the researchers divide the pulse train into three groups with different amplitudes, creating a "staircase-shaped" envelope - essentially three flat steps of intensity in time.
When an electron beam interacts with such a staircase pulse, the resulting gamma-ray spectrum naturally splits into three well-separated peaks, each corresponding to one intensity level. In other words, a single laser-electron collision can generate several precisely defined gamma-ray colors at once.
Crucially, these multiple colors are a direct fingerprint of the nonlinear Compton regime: each intensity step imprints its own spectral line, something that simply does not occur in the linear (single-photon) scattering limit.
Such simultaneous multicolor beams are promising for spectroscopic "fingerprinting" of materials and for probing complex samples where a single photon energy is not enough.
"With staircase pulses we effectively program the spectrum," says first author Antonina Timoshenko, a Ph.D. student at Skoltech. "By choosing the height and duration of each step, we can design which gamma-ray colors appear and how intense they are."
Towards AI-designed laser pulses and mega-science facilities
The authors emphasize that their framework can serve as a digital test stand for exploring pulse designs and control strategies - including AI and machine-learning approaches - before committing to costly hardware.
The work is directly relevant to the planned Intense Compton Radiation (ICR) line of the National Center of Physics and Mathematics (NCPM) in Russia, which aims to build a next-generation narrow-band gamma-ray source. Simulations were performed on Skoltech's "Zhores" supercomputer and supported by a national AI research center grant.
"Pulse stacking bridges cutting-edge laser technology with the needs of nonlinear Compton sources," Rykovanov adds. "Our results show that with realistic control of timing, phase and amplitude, we can move towards compact gamma-ray sources with record spectral brightness."

Используемый в фармацевтике экстракт тимьяна, обладающий множеством полезных свойств, плохо хранится и может вызывать побочные эффекты при передозировке. Исследователи из Томского политехнического университета и Сургутского государственного университета разработали метод инкапсуляции микродоз тимьяна в альгинат натрия, что помогает предотвратить его преждевременное испарение и точно дозировать нужное количество.

With a myriad of health effects, thyme extract may seem like a magic medicinal ingredient. Its biologically active compounds - thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid - provide anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immune benefits.
But thyme extract also has downsides. It vaporizes quickly (a waste of thyme!), making it challenging to use, and too much of it can be irritating, causing rashes and digestive issues.
A solution to both problems is to encapsulate nanodroplets of thyme extract within another fluid, allowing for small doses and avoiding evaporation. Researchers from Tomsk Polytechnic University and Surgut State University, in Russia, developed a method to achieve encapsulated nanodoses of thyme, which they published in Physics of Fluids, by AIP Publishing.
The researchers’ process involved jets of thyme extract, gelatin, sodium alginate - a commonly used thickening agent in the food industry - and oil. They first created a solution of thyme extract and gelatin and then pushed this through a tiny chip simultaneously with a jet of sodium alginate. The chip focused the two fluids into a single flow, but with a clear boundary between the components. Next, a jet of oil sent in the perpendicular direction broke the multicomponent fluid apart into tiny, encapsulated droplets.
The key takeaway from this work isn’t the dose of the thyme itself, but the demonstration that accurate thyme extract nanodosing is possible. Additional work is needed to take the nanodose and place it into an oral capsule for pharmaceutical uses.
"The system tends to be self-regulating in order to deliver a relatively consistent dose, which is valuable for drug delivery," said author Maxim Piskunov. "At the same time, changing and adjusting the diameter of the microdroplets containing a biologically active substance nanodose is only possible by varying the oil phase flow rate."
The technique is not limited to thyme and can be extended even beyond the pharmacological industry into the food industry. Piskunov said incorporating machine vision and artificial intelligence can further help with real-time nanodosing analysis.
"We believe that this method can be used to encapsulate various aqueous extracts," said Piskunov. "From our study, no significant limitations have been identified. Moreover, we are currently working on encapsulating a water-alcohol extract with a much higher concentration of biologically active substances."

Международный исследовательский коллектив (Швеция, Великобритания, Гренландия, Россия) расшифровал геном шерстистого носорога с помощью кусочка мяса из желудка мумифицированного волчонка, погибшего 14 400 лет назад и найденного в вечной мерзлоте Якутии в 2011 г. Это самый «молодой» шерстистый носорог из тех, чьи геномы уже удалось получить. Сравнив новую ДНК с образцами возрастом 18 000 и 49 000 лет, ученые пришли к выводу, что популяция носорогов в этом регионе довольно долго оставалась большой и стабильной - а потом вымерла всего за 300-400 лет.

Researchers have shed light on the final centuries of the woolly rhinoceros after studying a hairy lump of meat from the stomach of an ancient wolf cub that became mummified in the Siberian permafrost.
The beautifully preserved remains of a two-month-old female wolf cub were discovered in 2011 near the village of Tumat in northeastern Siberia. The animal is thought to have died 14,400 years ago when a landslide collapsed its den, trapping the cub and others inside.
The frigid conditions preserved the wolf for millennia and on examining the remains, scientists found its stomach contents were also intact. Part of the wolf’s last meal was a chunk of woolly rhino, a hefty herbivore that died out about 14,000 years ago.
The discovery marked a rare opportunity, said Dr Camilo Chacón-Duque, who until recently was a researcher at the Centre for Palaeogenetics, a collaboration between Stockholm University and the Swedish Museum of Natural History. If they could obtain the rhino’s genetic makeup from the partially digested meat, it might reveal the state of the species as it headed for extinction.
While there is a paucity of well-preserved specimens from the dying days of many species, recovering genomes from animals that lived right before extinction is "challenging", Chacón-Duque said. But in principle the genetic code could provide valuable clues about the events that caused the animals to die out.
Writing in Genome Biology and Evolution, the researchers describe how they decoded the woolly rhino’s genome from the matted piece of meat. It is the first time the feat has been achieved for an ice age beast found in the stomach of another animal. "To our knowledge this is the youngest woolly rhinoceros for which we have the genome," Chacón-Duque said.
The scientists expected to see signs of "genomic erosion", where a species in decline loses genetic diversity, often through population bottlenecks, inbreeding and environmental pressures. This, combined with an accumulation of harmful mutations, makes species more vulnerable to extinction. But it was not what the researchers saw.
"What we found was nothing like that," Chacón-Duque said. After comparing the woolly rhino’s DNA with genomes from two older specimens dated to 18,000 and 49,000 years ago, the researchers concluded that the population remained fairly large and stable before dying out quite rapidly. "Whatever killed the species was relatively fast," Chacón-Duque added, and probably struck in the 300 to 400 years before the woolly rhino was lost.
Love Dalén, professor of evolutionary genomics at the Centre for Palaeogenetics, said woolly rhinos appeared to have had a viable population for 15,000 years after the first humans arrived in the region, suggesting that a warming climate rather than hunting wiped them out. The main culprit was an abrupt period of warming in the last ice age, known as the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial, which transformed the landscape between 14,700 and 12,900 years ago.
How the wolf cub came to be feeding on woolly rhino is unclear, but it may have scavenged on the carcass after it was killed by the pack, or received the treat from a pack member that regurgitated the hairy morsel.
The remains of a second wolf cub, thought to be the sister of the first, were found at the same site in 2015. Tests showed that both had begun to eat solids but were still taking milk from their mother.

Изучая детские захоронения 5-8 вв. н.э. на территории Западной Сибири, новосибирский археолог Андрей Бородовский пришел к выводу, что богатый до избыточности погребальный инвентарь в некоторых из них был не столько знаком родительской любви или частью ритуала, сколько признаком высокого статуса, который стремились подчеркнуть.

Archaeologists working in Siberia have discovered several medieval child burials containing grave goods like ornate belts and jewelry.
Researchers say these finds are shedding new light on the social structures of medieval Siberia and how status played a role even from a young age. The artifacts, experts say, were not indicative of parental love or ritual traditions - they were about publicly affirming elite identity.
Grave Goods From Siberian Child Burials Marked Their Elite Status
A study into these medieval graves and other, more recent, child burials was led by Professor Andrey Pavlovich Borodovsky of Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, who looked into several child burial sites across Western Siberia spanning multiple historical periods.
Some of these burials dated to between the fifth and eighth centuries C.E. and revealed children interred with goods like belts, metal ornaments, and finely crafted jewelry. At one site, known as Ivanovka-6, the excavation team unearthed a silver pendant reminiscent of those found in the Byzantine world.
While this doesn’t confirm any direct contact with Byzantium, it does suggest that elites of the Upper Ob likely participated in long-distance exchange networks that stretched across Eurasia.
That these objects were found in children’s graves is of particular note, Borodovsky said. They would typically be found buried with adults.
The artifacts, which would have been worn in life to outwardly express an individual’s high status and prestige, likely did not hold much sentimental value. So, why bury them with the children?
Historical Concepts Of Childhood Across Siberia
"What we see in these elite child burials is not sentimental excess," Borodovsky said, "but a deliberate and highly mythologized ritual language."
In other words, burying these symbolically high-status objects with the children of elite members of society was a way of reaffirming their social status. Borodovsky explained that early medieval societies in southern Siberia and Central Asia often told legendary stories about "royal" or heroic youths - children who were predestined to achieve greatness - and the excess of these grave goods seems to align with this interpretation.
Other evidence supports this as well. Ethnographic data, for instance, shows that among the nomadic Tuvan people, young boys were often dressed in fur coats bearing the same insignia and ranks of adult men. This was done to introduce the young boy "not only to the world of adults, but also to his social circle. Thus, the ancient traditions have survived to this day."
As time went on, these traditions evolved, but they never fully went away. When the territory of Western Siberia became part of Russia, official uniforms became one of the most prominent markers of status.
For example, at the site of Fort Umrevinsky in Novosibirsk, archaeologists came across the burial of a boy between the ages of six and 12 who died in the late 18th or early 19th century. He, too, was dressed in what looked like an official uniform, reminiscent of the one worn by the Russian mining department.
All of this paints a compelling image of childhood throughout history.
"Childhood in the modern term, for a long time, did not exist - the child from infancy was built into a certain social system and was the carrier of social status," Borodovsky said. "The modern image of childhood, when a growing child seeks autonomy or confrontation with the system in which he is brought up, thinks about his place in life, has developed only in the last 120 years."
As such, the burials in Siberia provide a fascinating look into what childhood meant for people living in the region some 1,300 years ago.

На территории Томского государственного университета может находиться курган VI-IX вв. н. э. Сотрудники ТГУ выдвинули такую гипотезу, изучив дневники Василия Флоринского, одного из инициаторов открытия университета и его устроителя. Флоринский описывает большой курган на высоком мысу с видом на пойму Томи, рядом с переходящим в болото озером. Картографические материалы тех же лет позволяют предположить, что речь идет о западной части Университетской рощи. Кроме того, с 1920-х гг. в музее ТГУ хранятся три наконечника древних копий, найденных, вероятно, на территории университета.

Archaeologists from Tomsk State University (TSU), the oldest university in Siberia, have put forward a compelling hypothesis: a medieval burial mound dating back to the 6th-9th centuries AD may be hidden within the university’s historic grove. The discovery, if confirmed, could shed new light on early medieval warrior burials in Western Siberia and significantly enrich the region’s archaeological record.
The hypothesis is based on a comprehensive study of historical documents, old maps, and museum collections. The research findings were recently published in the Bulletin of Tomsk State University, drawing attention from both academic circles and history enthusiasts.
Spearheads Point to Warrior Burials
One of the strongest pieces of evidence supporting the theory is the discovery of three ancient spearheads on the university grounds during the 20th century. These artifacts have been preserved since the 1920s in the Museum of the History, Archaeology, and Ethnography of Siberia, named after V.M. Florinsky. Although the exact locations where the spearheads were found remain unknown, archaeologists emphasize that such items are typical markers of warrior burials.
"Finding three spearheads in one area cannot be explained by an ordinary settlement site," says Evgeny Barsukov, a researcher at TSU’s BioGeoClim laboratory and one of the authors of the study. "This strongly suggests the presence of a burial mound, most likely associated with medieval warriors."
Forgotten Records Reveal a Lost Mound
The idea of a burial mound resurfaced unexpectedly while researchers were studying the personal diaries of Vasily Florinsky, the founder and organizer of the Imperial Tomsk University. Shortly after arriving in Tomsk, Florinsky carefully surveyed the land designated for the future university buildings.
In his notes, Florinsky described a large earthen mound located on a high promontory at the southwestern edge of the grove. From its summit, he wrote, there was a panoramic view of the floodplain of the Tom River. He also mentioned a nearby lake and marshland at the base of the old riverbank, providing valuable geographical clues.
Surprisingly, this archaeological feature is not mentioned in modern scientific literature and does not appear on the official archaeological map of the Tomsk region. According to Barsukov, this omission makes the potential discovery even more intriguing.
Possible Location Identified
By comparing Florinsky’s descriptions with pre-construction maps and modern campus layouts, researchers believe they may have pinpointed the mound’s location. According to Ilya Korobeynikov, head of the Florinsky Museum at TSU, the burial mound may still exist behind the university’s second academic building.
"These historical and cartographic comparisons allow us to reconstruct the original landscape and correlate Florinsky’s notes with today’s campus," Korobeynikov explains. "There is a strong likelihood that the mound has survived despite later transformations of the area."
A Campus Rich in Archaeological Heritage
The university grove is already known as an archaeologically rich site. One of the earliest archaeological discoveries in Tomsk was made on the TSU campus in 1885 during the construction of the Botanical Garden. At that time, a Neolithic stone tool - a polished scraper measuring 16 centimeters in length - was found and documented by Florinsky himself. In addition, several log-coffin burials were later uncovered in the Botanical Garden area.
Despite nearly 150 years of landscape changes, researchers believe the cultural and historical potential of the university grounds remains exceptionally high. "There is always a chance of discovering artifacts from different eras here, ranging from the Neolithic period to the late Middle Ages," Korobeynikov notes.
What Comes Next?
Archaeologists are now assessing whether it is feasible to conduct field research at the proposed location of the mound. If confirmed, the site could become a priceless source of information about the early medieval period in Western Siberia - a vibrant and still insufficiently studied chapter of regional history.
The discovery of another burial complex from this era would not only enhance academic understanding but also reinforce Tomsk State University’s unique position at the crossroads of education and ancient history.
The research findings were published in the journal Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta (Bulletin of Tomsk State University).

Химики из Института общей и неорганической химии им. Н.С.Курнакова РАН разработали новую методику извлечения ценных компонентов из отработанных литий-ионных батарей без образования опасных отходов. Низкотоксичные эвтектические растворители на основе триизобутилфосфинсульфида и тимола позволяют избирательно выделить медь и железо из раствора выщелачивания аккумуляторов.

Des chercheurs de l’Institut de Chimie Générale et Inorganique N. S. Kurnakov de l’Académie des Sciences de Russie ont développé une nouvelle technique pour récupérer des métaux précieux à partir de batteries lithium-ion usagées. Ainsi, la science progresse vers des processus plus propres.
La proposition repose sur une génération d’extractants qui permet de séparer des composants stratégiques sans générer de déchets dangereux. Ainsi, le recyclage se consolide comme un outil clé face à la croissance des déchets technologiques.
De plus, la technologie vise à réduire les risques environnementaux associés aux méthodes traditionnelles plus agressives.
Solvants à faible impact environnemental
La procédure utilise des solvants eutectiques profonds, connus pour leur efficacité et leur moindre toxicité. Grâce à cette combinaison, la méthode atteint une haute sélectivité dans l’extraction des métaux.
Les scientifiques ont développé un extractant à partir de sulfure de triisobutylphosphine et de thymol. Cela facilite la séparation du cuivre et du fer des solutions acides provenant du lixiviat de batteries.
En conséquence, on obtient des métaux avec une pureté supérieure à 99%, compatibles avec les équipements industriels conventionnels.
Vers une récupération durable du lithium
L’équipe de recherche projette de mettre à l’échelle le processus et d’optimiser chaque étape. L’objectif est de récupérer le lithium stratégique et d’autres métaux critiques de manière sécurisée.
Dans ce contexte, le recyclage des batteries devient central pour la transition énergétique. À mesure que la mobilité électrique croît, la demande en matériaux augmente également. Par conséquent, fermer le cycle d’utilisation réduit la pression sur l’exploitation minière et les écosystèmes.
Innovation écologique dans les pays BRICS
En parallèle, la Chine a progressé dans le développement de pigments écologiques basés sur des éléments de terres rares. Ces matériaux remplacent les métaux lourds toxiques historiquement utilisés dans l’industrie.
En même temps, la combinaison avec des aluminosilicates a permis de réduire les coûts et de faciliter la production à grande échelle. Ainsi, des alternatives plus sûres pour la santé et l’environnement sont renforcées.
L’Inde, pour sa part, a identifié des propriétés semi-conductrices dans une protéine bactérienne naturelle. Ce matériau fonctionne sans métaux ni processus à haute énergie.
Science profonde et compréhension de la planète
De plus, des scientifiques russes ont identifié un minéral rare carbonaté porteur de phosphore à l’intérieur d’un diamant formé à grande profondeur. Cette découverte apporte de nouvelles pistes sur la dynamique du manteau terrestre.
En révélant le rôle des éléments légers dans les processus profonds, la recherche élargit la compréhension des cycles géochimiques de la planète. Ainsi, la science relie la soutenabilité de surface et la connaissance profonde de la Terre.
Quels sont les avantages du recyclage des batteries ?
Le recyclage des batteries réduit la pollution des sols et de l’eau, évitant la libération de métaux lourds. De plus, il diminue la nécessité d’extraire de nouvelles ressources naturelles.
Il permet également de récupérer des matériaux stratégiques tels que le lithium, le cobalt et le nickel, essentiels pour les énergies propres. Cela renforce la sécurité énergétique et l’économie circulaire.
Enfin, il stimule les emplois verts et promeut des modèles productifs plus responsables, alignés avec la protection de l’environnement et le développement technologique durable.

В Институте геологии и нефтегазовых технологий Казанского федерального университета впервые экспериментально доказали ключевую роль воды как донора водорода при гидротермальной конверсии высокосернистой нефти.

Researchers at the Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies conducted a comprehensive study and identified the mechanisms of chemical processes that occur when steam and a catalyst precursor are injected during the development of high-sulfur heavy-oil fields.
An urgent problem associated with developing unconventional reserves of heavy hydrocarbons with high sulfur content requires the introduction of innovative technologies that account for the specific properties of the produced raw material. In addition, its high viscosity creates numerous challenges at the stages of production, storage, and transportation. Another major challenge is the impact of sulfur-containing molecules on catalyst deactivation or poisoning, which significantly reduces the efficiency of refining processes aimed at producing marketable petroleum products.
In industry, these difficulties are mitigated by technologies based on reducing viscosity and the fraction of sulfur-containing compounds. Among them is catalytic in-reservoir hydrothermal upgrading, which is implemented directly at the production stage during thermal stimulation operations of the reservoir using steam injection.
For many years, Kazan Federal University has actively conducted research aimed at developing and studying this technology. In one of their most recent studies, supported by the Russian Science Foundation, the scientists examined the role of water in the upgrading and desulfurization of heavy oil using isotopic labels (D22O) .
Water is an environmentally friendly solvent. At the same time, it can participate in aquathermolysis reactions and reduce viscosity and sulfur content, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The details of the study were published in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
"Over the past five years, we have consistently developed a research direction focused on studying the role of water as a 'green' and environmentally safe heat carrier during steam-thermal stimulation and as a hydrogen donor during hydrothermal upgrading of high-sulfur oils, including sulfur-containing model compounds and isolated group fractions (SARA - saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes). This study became a key step forward: for the first time, using D22O, we showed that water participates in hydrogen-transfer reactions not only in liquid products but also in gaseous ones. This was confirmed by isotopic analysis of methane and hydrogen sulfide," reports the first author and researcher at the In-situ Combustion Laboratory, Ameen A. Al-Muntaser.
Experimentally, the KFU scientists once again confirmed that under hydrothermal conditions, water serves not only as a reaction medium but also as a potential hydrogen donor.
"Previously, in earlier studies together with Zarubezhneft, we already showed that under aquathermolysis conditions water has a dual function (solvent and participant in a chemical reaction). This makes it an essential agent in developing environmentally friendly and effective technologies for production and in-reservoir upgrading of heavy oils. However, the earlier work lacked molecular-level data that would make it possible to trace the entire reaction pathway, which is very important for further modeling and for assessing the applicability and effectiveness of the technology for developing specific heavy-oil reservoirs with particular compositions and properties," shares the project's scientific supervisor, Mikhail Varfolomeev.
To fill this gap, the scientists carried out studies using deuterated water, commonly known as heavy water (D22O), in combination with a selected oil-soluble organometallic precursor of an aquathermolysis catalyst: nickel(II) stearate.
"The unique combination of 22H NMR and GC-MS made it possible to directly trace the pathways of chemical reactions involving water and quantitatively evaluate the effect of temperature (200, 250, and 300 degrees). These results provide direct evidence of water's active donor function," explains researcher Muneer A. Suwaid.
The experimental work was carried out using a whole set of physicochemical methods, including FTIR spectroscopy, high-resolution deuterium (22H) NMR, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Isotopic analysis of both liquid and gaseous products revealed temperature-dependent behavior (200, 250, and 300 degrees), providing a fundamental basis for understanding the role of water as a hydrogen donor and its interaction with catalytic systems.
The results not only enrich the theoretical foundation of hydrothermal upgrading and clarify hydrogen-transfer pathways, but also serve as a strong argument for optimizing upgrading and desulfurization technologies. In addition, the study opens new opportunities for assessing the role of water as an environmentally friendly agent for thermal and thermocatalytic treatment of high-sulfur crude.

В запасниках Енисейского музея-заповедника имени А.И.Кытманова обнаружилась коллекция редких железных ножей с кольцеобразными навершиями, характерными для эпохи сюнну (хунну) (II век до н. э. - II век н. э.). После распада конфедерации хунну в большей части Евразии такая форма ножей перестала использоваться, но в Енисейской тайге их изготавливали до XI-XIV веков. В музей коллекция попала в XIX веке, а нашли ее археологи Сибирского федерального университета в ходе работы с архивами.

Archaeologists have uncovered a little-known knife collection revealing that Xiongnu-era blacksmithing traditions survived along the Yenisei River for more than 1,000 years, from antiquity to the Middle Ages.
New archaeological research indicates that communities living along Siberia’s Yenisei River preserved metalworking traditions rooted in the era of the Xiongnu nomads for more than a thousand years - long after those techniques vanished elsewhere across Eurasia. The findings shed new light on the cultural resilience of taiga societies and the long afterlife of steppe technologies beyond the fall of ancient nomadic powers.
The study was carried out by researchers from Siberian Federal University, who re-examined a rare but largely forgotten group of iron artifacts held in the collections of the Yeniseisk Museum-Reserve named after A. I. Kytmanov. Many of the objects entered the museum as early as the late 19th century but, until now, had never been fully documented or studied in a modern archaeological framework.
Knives That Defied Time
At the core of the research is a collection of 17 iron knives recovered from sites across the Yenisei region. Several of these blades display a striking and rare feature: a pommel formed as a loop or ring. This design is well known to archaeologists as a hallmark of metalworking traditions that emerged during the Xiongnu period, roughly between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD.
Across most of Eurasia, knives with ring-shaped pommels disappear after the collapse of Xiongnu political dominance. In the Yenisei taiga, however, the idea endured. According to the researchers, such knives continued to be manufactured and used locally until the 11th-14th centuries, a survival unmatched in neighboring regions of Siberia or Central Asia.
The blades themselves vary in size and form, indicating everyday use rather than ceremonial display. Many show traces of fire exposure, including scale and oxidation, suggesting that they originated from disturbed or destroyed burial contexts rather than settlement layers.
From Fieldwork to Museum Archives
The breakthrough did not come from a new excavation campaign in the taiga, but from painstaking work inside museum archives. As Polina Sentorusova, senior researcher at the Laboratory of Archaeology of Yenisei Siberia, explained, archaeological discovery is not always about remote field expeditions.
"Archaeological expeditions are not always journeys into the taiga, mountains, or swamps," Sentorusova noted. "Sometimes, the most valuable material is found by visiting small regional museums and carefully re-examining old collections."
It was precisely through this kind of archival research that the team was able to assemble, systematize, and publish a collection of 17 iron knives that had remained largely unstudied since their acquisition by the museum in the late 19th century. Many of the blades bear clear traces of exposure to fire, including heavy scaling, suggesting that they likely originated from burial contexts that were later disturbed or destroyed.
From Museum Storage to Scientific Record
The breakthrough did not come from a new excavation, but from careful work inside museum storage rooms. Researchers digitized the artifacts, revisited archival records, and reconstructed the circumstances under which the knives were originally collected more than a century ago.
This approach allowed scholars to trace how blade shapes evolved over time, from the Xiongnu era through the Migration Period and into the developed Middle Ages. Such long-term continuity is rare in archaeological material and provides an important chronological tool for dating other, less well-preserved finds in the region.
The collection is now recognized as one of the largest and most informative assemblages of iron knives from the Yenisei area, significantly expanding knowledge of everyday life in Siberia’s medieval taiga.
Who Were the Xiongnu?
The Xiongnu were a powerful nomadic confederation that emerged in the late 3rd century BC across the степpe regions of northern China and southern Siberia. Often described as the first great nomadic empire of Inner Asia, they built a complex political system based on mobile pastoralism, long-distance trade, and advanced military organization.
Chinese historical sources portray the Xiongnu as formidable rivals of the Han dynasty, prompting the construction and expansion of early frontier defenses later incorporated into the Great Wall. After the decline of their confederation, parts of the Xiongnu population are believed to have migrated westward, contributing - directly or indirectly - to the emergence of the Huns known from European history.
What this new study highlights is not migration, but legacy. The persistence of Xiongnu-style metalworking along the Yenisei suggests that technological knowledge could outlast political structures by many centuries when embedded in local craft traditions.
A Cultural Island in the Taiga
One of the most striking aspects of the findings is their geographical isolation. Medieval sites neighboring the Yenisei basin show no comparable knives, indicating that these blacksmithing traditions survived within a limited cultural corridor rather than spreading outward.
For archaeologists, this makes the Yenisei region a rare case study of long-term technological continuity. It also challenges the assumption that nomadic innovations vanished quickly after the collapse of steppe empires.
Instead, the research points to a quieter story: small, forest-based communities selectively preserving and adapting ancient ideas that remained practical in their environment. In doing so, they became the last custodians of a metallurgical tradition that once stretched across much of Inner Asia.

В Великом Новгороде, на берегу реки Волхов, археологи обнаружили остатки бревенчатой пристани начала XVI века длиной около 24 метров. Возможно, уникальная находка была частью более крупного сооружения.

Archaeologists in Veliky Novgorod, one of Russia’s oldest historic cities, have uncovered the remains of a large wooden riverside structure that may be part of a 16th-century river pier. The discovery, made on the banks of the Volkhov River, is being described by experts as unprecedented for the region and could significantly reshape understanding of the city’s early river infrastructure and trade history.
The structure was found during excavations on the Sofia Side of Veliky Novgorod, near the Victory Monument and close to the Novgorod Kremlin. On the opposite bank lies Yaroslav’s Court, historically known as the Torq, which served as the city’s main commercial and economic center in medieval times. Despite Novgorod’s rich archaeological record, its riverbank zones have remained largely unexplored, making this find particularly important.
A Unique Wooden Structure Unlike Any Found Before
According to archaeologists, the newly uncovered structure consists of massive wooden logs, primarily pine, with diameters reaching up to 50 centimeters. The remains extend toward the river and have been traced for a length of approximately 24 meters.
"This is an exceptionally powerful construction made of large logs," said Pyotr Gaidukov, advisor to the director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a leading researcher at Novgorod State University. "We believe this is the lower foundation of a major riverside structure, possibly a navigable river pier. Nothing like this has ever been discovered in Novgorod before."
Initially, archaeologists assumed the remains were part of a defensive wall running parallel to the riverbank. However, that theory was abandoned once it became clear that the structure sloped downward toward the Volkhov River, suggesting a functional connection to water transport rather than fortification.
Dating the Pier to the Early 1500s
The age of the structure was determined using dendrochronological analysis, a method that dates wood based on tree-ring patterns. Results showed that one log was cut in 1509 and another in 1510. These findings were further supported by coins and seals discovered within the same cultural layer.
Historians believe the construction of the pier may be directly linked to the devastating fire of 1508, which destroyed much of Novgorod’s Trade Side and reportedly claimed at least 2,000 lives. During the disaster, the Great Bridge across the Volkhov River was also destroyed.
"According to one of the Novgorod chronicles, the bridge was rebuilt in 1509, shortly before the visit of Grand Prince Vasily III of Moscow," Gaidukov explained. "It is very likely that large-scale construction was taking place throughout the city at that time, including the structure we uncovered."
Evidence from a 17th-Century City Plan
Additional support for this theory comes from a 1611 city plan of Novgorod, which shows a bulwark extending into the river precisely at the location of the discovery. Archaeologists suggest that when this later riverside fortification was built, it may have incorporated or reused elements of the earlier wooden structure.
Experts also believe the pier fell out of use before 1582, when construction began on the Small Earthen Town, a system of defensive fortifications surrounding the city’s detinets (inner fortress). During the digging of defensive moats, earth was piled over the pier’s foundation, effectively burying it for centuries.
Preservation and Public Display
After careful documentation and excavation, all wooden elements of the structure were removed and transferred to the Vitoslavlitsy Museum of Wooden Architecture, located near Veliky Novgorod.
"The logs are currently undergoing conservation under specialist supervision," said Gaidukov. "Once the process is complete, the Novgorod Museum plans to present this unique early 16th-century architectural structure to the public."
The findings were officially presented at the 40th Scientific Conference ‘Novgorod and the Novgorod Land: History and Archaeology’, with contributions from researchers of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, including Oleg Oleinikov, Sergey Chernykh, Andrey Berezkin, and Vyacheslav Kolobrodov.
Archaeologists say the discovery not only sheds new light on river transport and trade in medieval Novgorod, but also highlights how much remains to be learned from the city’s underexplored riverbanks. As research continues, the structure may become one of the most significant archaeological finds in the region in recent years.

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