1 Dielectric Properties of Materials ......................... 1
1.1 Energy Band in Crystals .................................... 1
1.2 Conductor, Insulator, and Semiconductor .................... 3
1.2.1 Conductors .......................................... 4
1.2.2 Insulators .......................................... 4
1.2.3 Semiconductors ...................................... 4
1.3 Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function .......................... 5
1.4 Dielectrics ................................................ 6
1.4.1 Polarization of Dielectrics ......................... 7
1.4.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Polarization ............... 8
1.4.2.1 Electronic Polarization ......................... 9
1.4.2.2 Ionic Polarization .............................. 9
1.4.2.3 Orientation Polarization ........................ 9
1.4.2.4 Space Charge Polarization ....................... 9
1.4.3 Molecular Theory of Induced Charges in
a Dielectric ........................................
1.4.4 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor .......... 10
1.4.5 Local Field in a Dielectric ........................ 11
1.4.5.1 Lorentz Field, Ej .............................. 12
1.4.5.2 Field of Dipoles inside Cavity, E3 ............. 12
1.4.6 Molecular Description of Polarization .............. 12
1.4.7 Dielectrics Losses ................................. 14
1.4.7.1 Dielectric Loss Angle .......................... 14
1.4.7.2 Total and Specific Dielectric Losses ........... 15
1.4.8 Dielectrics Breakdown .............................. 17
2 Microscopic Properties of Materials ....................... 19
2.1 Phonon .................................................... 19
2.1.1 One-Dimensional Monatomic Chain .................... 19
2.1.2 One-Dimensional Diatomic Chain ..................... 21
2.1.3 Phonons in Three-Dimensional Solids ................ 22
2.2 Phase Transition .......................................... 23
2.2.1 Soft Mode .......................................... 25
2.2.1.1 Zone-Center Phonons ............................ 26
2.2.1.2 Zone-Boundary Phonons .......................... 26
2.2.2 Landau Phenomenological Theory of Phase
Transition .........................................
2.2.3 Displacive Phase Transition ........................ 31
2.2.4 Order-Disorder Phase Transition .................... 32
References ................................................ 34
3 Pyroelectricity and Piezoelectricity ...................... 37
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 37
3.2 Pyroelectricity ........................................... 38
3.2.1 Crystal Classes .................................... 38
3.2.2 History ............................................ 39
3.3 Piezoelectricity .......................................... 39
3.3.1 A Brief Historical Survey .......................... 41
3.3.2 Piezoelectric Materials ............................ 42
3.4 Applications of Piezoelectric Materials ................... 43
3.4.1 Gas Lighter ........................................ 43
3.4.2 Piezoelectric Sensors .............................. 44
3.4.3 Piezoelectric Actuator ............................. 45
3.4.3.1 Stack Actuator ................................. 45
3.4.3.2 Stripe Actuator ................................ 46
3.4.3.3 Piezoelectric Actuator Applications ............ 46
3.4.4 Piezoelectric Transformer .......................... 47
3.4.5 Accelerometer ...................................... 49
3.4.6 Piezoelectric Microphone ........................... 50
3.4.7 Piezoelectric Micropump ............................ 57
3.4.8 Piezoelectric Sound Diaphragm ...................... 54
3.4.9 Piezoelectric Solar Cell ........................... 56
3.4.10 Piezoelectric Generator ............................ 57
3.4.11 Piezoelectric Nanogenerator ........................ 59
3.4.11.1 Types of Piezoelectric Nanogenerator ........... 61
3.4.11.2 Materials ...................................... 64
3.4.11.3 Applications ................................... 65
3.4.12 Piezoelectric Motors ............................... 66
3.4.13 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) .................. 69
3.4.13.1 Applications of QCM ............................ 70
3.4.14 The Quartz Crystal Oscillator ...................... 71
References ................................................ 73
4 Ferroelectricity .......................................... 79
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 79
4.2 Ferroelectrics ............................................ 80
4.2.1 History of Ferroelectricity ........................ 81
4.2.2 Ferroelectric Phase Transitions .................... 83
4.2.3 Ferroelectric Domains .............................. 85
4.2.4 Ferroelectric Domain Wall Motion ................... 86
4.3 Classification of Ferroelectric Materials ................. 88
4.3.1 Corner-Sharing Oxygen Octahedra .................... 88
4.3.1.1 Perovskite-Type Structures ..................... 89
4.3.1.2 Tungsten Bronze-Type Compounds ................ 121
4.3.1.3 Bismuth Oxide Layer Structures ................ 723
4.3.1.4 Lithium Niobate and Tantalate ................. 126
4.3.2 Compounds Containing Hydrogen-Bonded Radicals ..... 128
4.3.2.1 Applications .................................. 131
4.3.3 Organic Polymers .................................. 132
4.3.3.1 Polymer Research .............................. 133
4.3.3.2 Polymer Applications .......................... 135
4.3.4 Ceramic Polymer Composites ........................ 141
4.3.5 Electrets ......................................... 145
4.3.5.1 Types of Electrets ............................ 145
4.3.5.2 Applications .................................. 146
4.3.6 Multiferroic Materials ............................ 147
4.3.6.1 Single-Phase Multiferroics .................... 149
4.3.6.2 Bulk Composite Multiferroics .................. 152
4.3.6.3 Laminated Composite Multiferroics ............. 154
4.3.6.4 Multiferroic Thin Films ....................... 155
4.3.6.5 Perspectives of Multiferroic Materials ........ 760
References ............................................... 767
5 Ferroelectric Ceramics: Devices and Applications ......... 795
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 795
5.2 Capacitors ............................................... 796
5.3 Explosive-to-Electrical Transducers (EETs) ............... 207
5.4 Composites ............................................... 203
5.5 Thin Films ............................................... 203
5.5.1 Piezoelectric Microsensors and Microactuators ..... 204
5.5.1.1 Piezoelectric-Based Microdevices .............. 204
5.5.1.2 Microcantilever-Based Piezoelectric
Components .................................... 205
5.5.1.3 Membrane-Based Micropiezoelectric Components .. 205
5.5.2 Polar Films in Microwave Electronics .............. 206
5.5.2.1 Polar Ceramics in Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices .. 207
5.5.2.2 Ferroelectrics for Tunable Microwave
Applications .................................. 208
5.5.3 Ferroelectric Thin Films in FRAM .................. 210
5.6 Alternative Memories Based on Ferroelectric Materials .... 214
5.6.1 Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors (FeFETs) ... 214
5.6.2 Ferroresistive Storage ............................ 215
5.6.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) for Multiprobe
Mass Storage ...................................... 217
5.7 Nanoscale Ferroelectrics ................................. 219
5.7.1 Nano-ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistor
(Nano-FeFET) ...................................... 220
5.7.1.1 Oxide Nanowire-Based FeFET .................... 220
5.7.1.2 Nanotetrapod-Based FeFET ...................... 223
5.7.1.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based FeFET ................... 224
5.7.1.4 Graphene-Based FeFET .......................... 228
5.7.2 Ferroelectric Nanogenerators ...................... 229
5.8 Electro-optic Devices .................................... 233
5.8.1 Electro-optic Modulator ........................... 233
5.8.2 Electro-optic Deflectors .......................... 237
5.8.3 Electro-optic Tunable Filter ...................... 239
5.8.4 Electro-optic Q-Switches .......................... 242
5.8.5 Variable Optical Attenuator ....................... 243
5.8.6 Polarization Controller (PC) ...................... 245
5.8.7 Variable Gain Tilt Filters (VGTFs) and Dynamic
Gain Flattening Filters (DGFFs) ................... 246
5.8.8 Electro-optic Field Sensors ....................... 248
5.9 Photoelastic Devices ..................................... 254
5.9.1 Photoelastic Modulator ............................ 255
5.9.2 Photoelastic Q-Switch ............................. 257
5.10 Photorefractive Devices .................................. 260
5.10.1 Photorefractive Waveguides ........................ 260
5.10.2 Photorefractive Tunable Filters ................... 267
5.10.3 Photorefractive Switches .......................... 275
5.10.4 Holographic Interferometers ....................... 280
References .................................................... 287
Index ......................................................... 307
|
