Preface ...................................................... XIII
PART 1 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Materials .................. 1
1 Smart Thermoresponsive Biomaterials .......................... 3
Mohammed Yaseen and Jian R. Lu
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 Temperature-Responsive Polymers ......................... 5
1.2.1 Thermoresponsive Polymers Based on LCST .......... 5
1.2.2 Biopolymers and Artificial Polypeptides .......... 8
1.2.3 Temperature Sensitivity of Polymers .............. 8
1.3 Development of Thermoresponsive Surfaces ............... 10
1.3.1 Surface Modifications Using Energetic
Oxidation ....................................... 10
1.3.2 Surface Grafting of Polymers .................... 13
1.3.3 Graft Polymerization ............................ 14
1.4 Surface Characterization ............................... 15
1.5 Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering Applications ....... 16
1.6 Chromatography ......................................... 20
1.7 Conclusion ............................................. 22
References ............................................. 22
2 Light-Triggered Azobenzenes: From Molecular
Architecture to Functional Materials
Jaume Garcia-Amorós and Dolores Velasco ..................... 27
2.1 Why Light-Triggered Materials? ......................... 28
2.2 Azobenzene-Based Light-Activatable Materials ........... 29
2.3 Photoswitchable Azobenzene-Based Materials ............. 31
2.3.1 Photochromic Switches Based on Azobenzene-
Doped Liquid Crystals ........................... 31
2.3.2 Photochromic Oscillators Based on Fast Thermal
Isomerizing Azo Dyes ............................ 37
2.3.3 Fast Isomerizing Azobenzenes and Their
Potential Use for Biological Applications ....... 39
2.3.4 Photoelectronic Switches Based on Azo Dyes ...... 43
2.4 Photodeformable Azobenzene-Based Materials:
Artificial Muscle-like Actuation ....................... 47
2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives ............................ 53
Acknowledgements ............................................ 54
References .................................................. 54
3 Functionalization with Interpenetrating Smart Polymer
Networks by Gamma Irradiation for Loading and Delivery of
Drags ....................................................... 59
Franklin Muñoz-Muñoz and Emilio Bucio
Abbreviations ............................................... 60
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 61
3.2 General Concepts ....................................... 63
3.2.1 Graft Copolymers and Ionizing Radiation ......... 63
3.2.2 Methods of Radiation for Preparing Grafts ....... 65
3.3 Radiation Synthesis and Modification of Polymers
(Approaches) ........................................... 74
3.3.1 Thermosensitive Networks ........................ 75
3.3.2 pH-Sensitive Networks ........................... 76
3.3.3 IPNs ............................................ 77
3.3.4 Graft Copolymers ................................ 80
Acknowledgements ............................................ 88
References .................................................. 88
4 Biomedical Devices Based on Smart Polymers ................. 105
Angel Contreras-García and Emilio Bucio
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 106
4.2 Stimuli Responsive Polymers ........................... 107
4.3 Sensitive Hydrogels ................................... 108
4.4 Responsive Materials for Drug Delivery Systems ........ 109
4.5 Intelligent Polymers for Tissue Engineering ........... 112
4.6 Types of Medical Devices .............................. 113
Acknowledgements ........................................... 117
References ................................................. 117
5 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers as Adjuvants and Carriers for
Antigen Delivery ........................................... 123
Akhilesh Kumar Shakya and Kutty Selva Nandakumar
Abbreviations .............................................. 124
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 124
5.2 Responsive Polymers as Antigen Carriers ............... 129
5.2.1 Charge Responsive Carrier ...................... 129
5.2.2 Oxidation Responsive Carrier ................... 129
5.2.3 pH-Responsive Carrier .......................... 130
5.2.4 Temperature-Responsive Carrier ................. 131
5.3 Factors Affecting Adjuvant Potential of Stimuli-
Responsive Polymeric Adjuvant ......................... 135
Acknowledgements ........................................... 136
References ................................................. 136
6 Cyclodextrins as Advanced Materials for Pharmaceutical
Applications ............................................... 141
Vesna D. Nikolic, Ljubisa B. Nikolic, Ivan M. Savic, and
Ivana M. Savic
6.1 Inclusion Complexes ................................... 142
6.2 Preparation of Inclusion Complexes .................... 143
6.3 Historical Development of Cyclodextrins ............... 145
6.4 Equilibrium ........................................... 149
6.5 Confirmation of Formed Inclusion Complexes ............ 152
6.6 Application of Cyclodextrins in the Pharmacy .......... 153
6.7 Cyclodextrins as a Drug Delivery System ............... 154
6.8 Cyclodextrin as Solubilizers .......................... 157
6.9 Pharmaceutical Formulation Containing Cyclodextrin .... 158
6.10 Conclusion ............................................ 160
References ................................................. 161
PART 2 Smart Nano-Engineered Materials ....................... 167
7 Advances in Smart Wearable Systems ......................... 169
Rajesh Kumar Saini, Jaya Bajpai, and A.K. Bajpai
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 170
7.2 Classification of Smart Polymers ...................... 172
7.2.1 Shape-Memory Polymers .......................... 173
7.2.2 Conducting Polymers ............................ 175
7.2.3 Stimuli-Responsive Hydogels .................... 177
7.2.4 Nanomaterials .................................. 179
7.3 Applications .......................................... 181
7.3.1 Smart Fabrics .................................. 182
7.3.2 Smart Skin ..................................... 185
7.3.3 Biosensors ..................................... 189
7.4 Current Features of Wearable Systems .................. 192
7.5 Conclusions ........................................... 194
7.6 Challenges and Future Prospects ....................... 194
References ................................................. 195
8 Functionalization of Smart Nanomaterials ................... 201
Sharda Sundaram Sanjay and Avinash C. Pandey
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 202
8.1.1 Importance of Functionalization ................ 203
8.1.2 Advantages of Surface Functionalization ........ 204
8.2 Functionalizing Agents ................................ 205
8.2.1 Mode/Ways to Surface Functionalization ......... 206
8.2.2 Strategy for the Conjugation ................... 206
8.2.3 Classification of Surface Functionalization
of Nanomaterials ............................... 207
8.2.4 Methodology .................................... 210
8.2.5 Conditions Favorable for Biofunctionalization .. 213
8.3 Carbon Nanomaterials .................................. 217
8.3.1 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes .......... 218
8.4 Silica Nanoparticles .................................. 224
8.5 Confirmation of Functionalization ..................... 225
8.5.1 Confirmation through Infrared Spectral
Analysis ....................................... 225
8.5.2 Confirmation through Optical / Colorimetric
Assay .......................................... 227
8.5.3 Confirmation through Contact Angle
Measurement .................................... 228
8.5.4 Confirmation with the Help of Metathesis
Reactions ...................................... 228
Acknowledgements ........................................... 229
References ................................................. 229
9 Role of Smart Nanostructured Materials in Cancers .......... 237
Rizwan Wahab, Farheen Khan, Javed Musarrat, and
Abdulaziz A.Al-Khedhairy
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 238
9.1.1 What is cancer? ................................ 238
9.1.2 Types of Cancers ............................... 239
9.1.3 Importance of Nanostructures ................... 244
9.2 Experimental .......................................... 246
9.2.1 Nanomaterials Synthesis ........................ 246
9.2.2 Characterizations of Synthesized
Nanomaterials .................................. 247
9.2.3 Biological Characterizations for the
Identification of Cancers ...................... 251
9.3 Results Related to Use of Smart Nanostructured
Materials to Control Cancers Cells .................... 258
9.4 Summary and Future Direction .......................... 265
Acknowledgement ............................................ 266
References ................................................. 266
10 Quantum Cutter and Sensitizer-Based Advanced Materials
for their Application in Displays, Fluorescent Lamps and
Solar Cells ................................................ 273
Raghvendra Singh Yadav, Jarotnir Havlica, and Avinash
Chandra Pandey
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 274
10.2 Quantum Cutter and Sensitizer-Based Advanced
Materials ............................................. 275
10.2.1 Visible Quantum Cutting ........................ 277
10.2.2 Near-Infra Red Quantum Cutting ................. 284
10.3 Conclusion ............................................ 297
Acknowledgement ............................................ 297
References ................................................. 298
11 Nanofibers of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites ............ 303
Subhash B. Kondawar and Shikha P. Agrawal
11.1 Conducting Polymers ................................... 304
11.2 Nanostructure Conducting Polymers ..................... 311
11.2.1 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites .............. 315
11.2.2 Nanofibers of Conducting Polymer
Nanocomposites ................................. 319
11.2.3 Electrospinning ................................ 326
11.2.4 Theoretical Modeling of Electrospun
Nanofibers ..................................... 328
11.2.5 Electrospun Nanofibers of Conducting Polymer
Nanocomposites ................................. 333
11.3 Electrical Conductive Properties of Nanofibers
of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites .................. 337
11.4 Applications of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers
Nanocomposites ........................................ 341
11.4.1 Supercapacitors ................................ 341
11.4.2 Rechargeable Batteries ......................... 343
11.4.3 Sensors ........................................ 344
11.5 Concluding Remarks .................................... 347
References ................................................. 348
PART 3 Smart Biosystems Engineering .......................... 357
12 Stimuli-Responsive Redox Biopolymers ....................... 359
Sudheesh K. Shukla and Ashutosh Tiwari
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 359
12.2 Method of Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanism ... 363
12.3 Stimuli-Responsive Redox and Electrical Conductive
Behavior .............................................. 367
12.4 Biosensor Applications ................................ 372
12.5 Conclusion ............................................ 373
References ................................................. 374
13 Commodity Thermoplastics with Bespoken Properties using
Metallocene Catalyst Systems ............................... 377
Nikhil Prakash
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 378
13.2 Metallocene Catalyst Systems .......................... 379
13.2.1 Evolution of the Metallocenes .................. 381
13.2.2 Categories of Metallocene Catalysts ............ 382
13.2.3 Cocatalysts .................................... 383
13.3 Metallocene Thermoplastics ............................ 385
13.3.1 Polyethylene: Manufacture, Structure and
Properties ..................................... 385
13.3.2 Polypropylene: Manufacture, Structure
and Properties ................................. 387
13.3.3 Polystyrene .................................... 391
13.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects ...................... 393
References ................................................. 393
PART 4 Theory and Modeling ................................... 397
14 Elastic Constants, Structural Parameters and Elastic
Perspectives of Thorium Mono-Chalcogenides in Temperature
Sensitive Region ........................................... 399
Krishna Murti Raju
Nomenclature ............................................... 400
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 400
14.1.1 Primer of the Field ............................ 401
14.1.2 Overview ....................................... 402
14.2 Formulation ........................................... 404
14.3 Evaluation ............................................ 410
14.4 Results and Discussions ............................... 414
14.4.1 Higher Order Elastic Constants ................. 415
14.4.2 Pressure Derivatives ........................... 419
14.5 Conclusions ........................................... 424
Acknowledgment ............................................. 424
References ................................................. 424
Index ......................................................... 429
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