Dodds W.K. Freshwater ecology: concepts and environmental applications in limnology / W.K.Dodds, M.R.Whiles. - 2nd ed. - Burlington; San Diego; London: Elsevier/Acad. press, 2010. - xviii, 811 p., [10] p. of plates: ill. (some col.), col. maps. - (Aquatic ecology series). - Bibliogr.: p.720-786. - Taxonomic ind.: p. 787-811. - ISBN 978-0-12-374724-2  Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

PREFACE ........................................................ xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................. xvii 1 Why Study Continental Aquatic Systems? ....................... 1 Human Use of Water: Pressures on a Key Resource .............. 5 What Is the Value of Water Quality? .......................... 8 Advanced: Methods for Assigning Values to Ecosystem Goods and Services ................................................ 12 Climate Change and Water Resources .......................... 14 Politics, Science, and Water ................................ 16 Summary ..................................................... 17 Questions for Thought ....................................... 18 2 Properties of Water ......................................... 19 Chemical and Physical Properties ............................ 20 Advanced: The Nature of Water ............................... 26 Relationships among Water Viscosity, Inertia, and Physical Parameters .................................................. 27 Movement of Water ........................................... 31 Advanced: Equations Describing Properties of Moving Water ... 37 Forces That Move Water ...................................... 41 Summary ..................................................... 43 Questions for Thought ....................................... 44 3 Movement of Light, Heat, and Chemicals in Water ............. 45 Diffusion of Chemicals in Water ............................. 46 Light in Water .............................................. 52 Heat Balance in Water ....................................... 61 Summary ..................................................... 63 Questions for Thought ....................................... 63 4 Hydrologie Cycle and Physiography of Groundwater Habitats ... 65 Habitats and the Hydrologie Cycle ........................... 66 Advanced: Prediction of Amount and Variability of Runoff with Global Climate Change .................................. 68 Movement of Water through Soil and Aquifers ................. 70 Groundwater Habitats ........................................ 76 Interaction of Groundwaters with Surface Waters ............. 80 Summary ..................................................... 81 Questions for Thought ....................................... 82 5 Hydrology and Physiography of Wetland Habitats .............. 83 Introduction and Definition of Wetland Habitats ............. 84 Wetland Conservation and Mitigation ......................... 88 Wetland Types ............................................... 89 Wetland Hydrology .......................................... 100 Wetlands and Global Change ................................. 103 Summary .................................................... 104 Questions for Thought ...................................... 105 6 Physiography of Flowing Water .............................. 107 Characterization of Streams ................................ 108 Stream Flow and Geology .................................... 116 Advanced: Classification of River and Stream Types as a Restoration and Management Tool .......................... 126 Movement of Materials by Rivers and Streams ................ 127 Advanced: Characterizing the Movement of Dissolved Materials in Rivers and Streams ............................ 135 Summary .................................................... 136 Questions for Thought ...................................... 137 7 Lakes and Reservoirs: Physiography ......................... 139 Formation: Geological Processes ............................ 140 Lake Habitats and Morphometry .............................. 151 Unique Properties of Reservoirs ............................ 155 Stratification ............................................. 156 Water Movement and Currents in Lakes ....................... 162 Summary .................................................... 165 Questions for Thought ...................................... 166 8 Types of Aquatic Organisms ................................. 167 The Species Concept ........................................ 168 Advanced: Molecular Methods for Assessing Microbial Diversity in Natural Environments .......................... 172 Major Taxonomic Groups ..................................... 174 Classification of Organisms by Function, Habitats, and Interactions ............................................... 176 Organisms Found in Freshwaters ............................. 180 Summary .................................................... 182 Questions for Thought ...................................... 182 9 Microbes and Plants ........................................ 185 Viruses .................................................... 187 Archaea .................................................... 190 Bacteria ................................................... 191 Cyanobacteria (Bluegreen Algae or Cyanophytes) .......... 195 Protoctista ................................................ 198 Eukaryotic Algae ........................................ 199 Rhodophyceae, the Red Algae ............................. 199 Chrysophyceae, the Golden Algae ......................... 199 Bacillariophyceae, the Diatoms .......................... 202 Dinophyceae, the Dinoflagellates ........................ 202 Euglenophyceae .......................................... 205 Chlorophyceae and Charophyceae, Green Algae and Relatives ............................................... 205 Additional Algal Groups ................................. 208 Protozoa ................................................ 208 Fungi ...................................................... 210 Aquatic Fungi .............................................. 211 Aquatic Lichens ............................................ 212 Plantae .................................................... 212 Nonvascular Plants ......................................... 213 Vascular Plants ............................................ 213 Summary .................................................... 219 Questions for Thought ...................................... 219 10 Multicellular Animals ...................................... 221 Invertebrates .............................................. 222 Phylum Porifera ......................................... 222 Phylum Cnidaria ......................................... 223 Phyla Platyhelrninthes and Nemertea ..................... 225 Phylum Gastrotricba ..................................... 227 Phylum Rotifera ......................................... 227 Phylum Nematoda ......................................... 229 Phylum Nematomorpha ..................................... 229 Phylum Mollusca ......................................... 230 Phylum Annelida ......................................... 235 Bryozoans: Phyla Entoprocta and Ectoprocta .............. 236 Phylum Taidigrada ....................................... 238 Phylum Arthropoda ....................................... 238 Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata ...................... 252 Fishes .................................................. 252 Tetrapods ............................................... 255 Summary .................................................... 255 Questions for Thought ...................................... 257 11 Evolution of Organisms and Biodiversity of Freshwaters ..... 259 Measures of Diversity ...................................... 261 Temporal and Spatial Factors Influencing Evolution of Freshwater Organisms ....................................... 263 Short-Term Factors Influencing Local Distribution of Species .................................................... 270 Genetics and Populations of Species ........................ 275 Advanced: Populations and Their Spatial Distribution ....... 276 The Controversy Over Endemism and Microbial Species ..... 277 Invasions of Nonnative Species ............................. 278 Extinction ................................................. 282 What Is the Value of Freshwater Species Diversity? ......... 287 Summary .................................................... 288 Questions for Thought ...................................... 288 12 Aquatic Chemistry and Factors Controlling Nutrient Cycling: Redox and O2 ...................................... 289 Chemicals in Freshwaters ................................... 290 Redox Potential, Potential Energy, and Chemical Transformations ............................................ 296 Oxygen: Forms and Transformations .......................... 301 Photosynthesis ............................................. 303 Respiration ................................................ 310 Controls of Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in the Environment ................................................ 312 Summary .................................................... 319 Questions for Thought ...................................... 320 13 Carbon ..................................................... 323 Forms of Carbon ............................................ 324 Inorganic Carbon ........................................ 324 Organic Carbon .......................................... 328 Transformations of Carbon .................................. 330 Advanced: Breakdown Rates of Organic Carbon ............. 331 Oxidation of Organic Carbon with Inorganic Electron Acceptors Other Than O2 ................................. 333 Fermentation............................................. 334 Methanoьophy ............................................ 336 Metbanogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Disproportionation of Acetate .............................................. 337 A Conceptual Introduction to Nutrient Cycling .............. 337 The Carbon Cycle ........................................... 340 Advanced: Hydrogen and Carbon Cycling ...................... 341 Summary .................................................... 342 Questions for Thought ...................................... 342 14 Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Other Nutrients .......... 345 Nitrogen ................................................... 347 Nitrogen Forms .......................................... 347 Nitrogen Fluxes ......................................... 348 Advanced: Alternative Pathways of Anoxic N Cycling and Nitrous Oxide Production by Freshwater Environments ..... 354 Nitrogen Cycle .......................................... 355 Sulfur ..................................................... 357 Sulfur Forms ............................................ 357 Fundamental Sulfur Transformations ...................... 357 Advanced: More Complex Sulfur Transformations ........... 359 Sulfur Cycle ............................................... 360 Phosphorus .............................................. 360 Phosphorus Forms ....................................... 361 Phosphorus Transformations .............................. 361 Silicon, Iron, and Other Trace Nutrient Cycles ............. 363 Silicon ................................................. 363 Iron .................................................... 364 Cycling of Other Elements ................................. 368 Gradients of Redox and Nutrient Cycles and Interactions among the Cycles ........................................... 369 Summary .................................................... 372 Questions for Thought ...................................... 373 15 Unusual or Extreme Habitats ................................ 375 Adaptations to Extremes .................................... 377 Saline Lakes ............................................... 380 Advanced: Chemistry of Saline Lakes and Salt Production .... 382 Hot Springs ................................................ 383 Cold Habitats .............................................. 386 Temporary Waters and Small Pools ........................... 389 Ultraoligotrophic Habitats ................................ 393 Hypereutrophic Habitats .................................... 393 Deep Subsurface Habitats ................................... 394 The Water Surface Layer .................................... 396 Summary .................................................... 398 Questions for Thought ...................................... 398 16 Responses to Stress, Toxic Chemicals, and Other Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems ........................... 399 Basic Toxicology ........................................... 403 Bioassessment .............................................. 406 Organic Pollutants ......................................... 408 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors ................... 415 Acid Precipitation ......................................... 417 Sources and Geography of Acid Precipitation ............. 417 Biological Effects of Acidification ..................... 418 Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants ...................... 425 Salt Pollution ............................................. 430 Suspended Solids ........................................... 431 Thermal Pollution .......................................... 432 Human-Induced Increases in UV Radiation .................... 434 Summary .................................................... 435 Questions for Thought ...................................... 436 17 Nutrient Use and Remineralization .......................... 437 Use of Nutrients ........................................... 438 Nutrient Limitation and Relative Availability ........... 446 Relative Availability of Nutrients ...................... 446 Nutrient Limitation ..................................... 449 The Paradox of the Plankton and Nutrient Limitation ........ 453 Resource Ratios and Stoichiometry of Primary Producers ..... 454 Nutrient Remineralization .................................. 454 What Short-Term Processes Control the Levels of Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients Such as Ammonium and Phosphate? ..... 456 Processes Leading to Remineralization ................... 458 Advanced: Remineralization as a Source of Nutrient Pulses in Lentic Systems ................................ 461 Stoichiometry of Heterotrophs, Their Food, and Nutrient Remineralization ........................................... 462 Summary .................................................... 466 Questions for Thought ...................................... 467 18 Trophic State and Eutrophication ........................... 469 Definition of Trophic State ................................ 471 Advanced: Determining Reference Nutrient Conditions in Freshwater Environments .................................... 475 Why Do Algal Blooms Caused by Nutrient Pollution Matter in Lakes? .................................................. 476 Natural and Cultural Processes of Eutrophication ........... 477 Relationships among Nutrients, Water Clarity, and Phytoplankton: Managing Eutrophication in Lakes ............ 481 Advanced: Empirical Relationships Used to Predict Control of Eutrophication .......................................... 485 Mitigating Lake Eutrophication ............................. 487 Control of Nutrient Sources ............................. 489 Treatment in the Lake ................................... 492 Macrophyte Removal ...................................... 493 Managing Eutrophication in Streams and Rivers .............. 495 Case Studies of Eutrophication in Lakes and Lotic Systems .. 496 Lake Washington ......................................... 496 Lake Trummen ............................................ 498 Lake Tahoe .............................................. 500 Lake Okeechobee ......................................... 501 The Clark Fork River .................................... 502 The Murray-Darling River ................................ 502 Managing Eutrophication in Wetlands ........................ 503 Wetlands as Nutrient Sinks ................................. 505 Summary ........ 506 Questions for Thought ...................................... 507 19 Behavior and Interactions among Microorganisms and Invertebrates .............................................. 509 Behavior of Microorganisms ................................. 511 Motility ................................................ 511 Taxis ................................................... 512 Interaction Types in Communities ........................... 515 Predation and Parasitism Including the Microbial Loop ...... 516 Viruses ................................................. 519 Consumption of Small Planktonic Cells ................... 521 Scrapers ................................................ 524 Shredders ............................................... 525 Collector-Gatherers ..................................... 526 Filter Feeders .......................................... 527 Microbial Adaptations to Avoid Predation ................ 530 Parasitism .............................................. 531 Other Exploitative Interactions ......................... 534 Competition ................................................ 534 Mutualism: Facilitation and Syntrophy ...................... 539 Chemical Mediation of Microbial Interactions ............... 542 Summary .................................................... 543 Questions for Thought ...................................... 544 20 Predation and Food Webs .................................... 545 Herbivory .................................................. 546 Detritivory ................................................ 548 Omnivory ................................................... 550 Adaptation to Predation Pressure ........................... 553 Adaptations of Predators ................................... 557 Nonlethal Effects of Predation ............................. 560 Trophic Levels, Food Webs, and Food Chains ................. 561 The Trophic Cascade ........................................ 561 Summary .................................................... 568 Questions for Thought ...................................... 569 21 Nonpredatory Interspecific Interactions among Plants and Animals in Freshwater Communities .......................... 571 Competition ................................................ 572 Mutualism and Facilitation ................................. 581 Other Species Interactions ................................. 583 Summary .................................................... 584 Questions for Thought ...................................... 585 22 Complex Community Interactions ............................. 587 Disturbance ................................................ 588 Succession ................................................. 592 Indirect Interactions ...................................... 598 Strong Interactors ......................................... 602 Theoretical Community Ecology and Aquatic Food Webs ........ 603 Thresholds and Alternative Stable States ................... 605 Invasion and Extinction Revisited .......................... 606 Summary .................................................... 608 Questions for Thought ...................................... 609 23 Fish Ecology and Fisheries ................................. 611 Biogeographical and Environmental Determinants of Fish Assemblage Diversity ....................................... 612 Physiological Aspects Influencing Growth, Survival, and Reproduction ............................................... 617 Population Dynamics of Fishes .............................. 621 Regulating Exploitation of Fish Stocks ..................... 627 Stocking Fish for Fisheries ................................ 629 Aquaculture ................................................ 630 Summary .................................................... 632 Questions for Thought ...................................... 633 24 Freshwater Ecosystems ...................................... 635 General Approaches to Ecosystems ........................... 636 Secondary Production ....................................... 638 Energy Fluxes and Nutrient Cycling ......................... 642 Nutrient Budgets ........................................... 643 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function ........................ 646 Groundwater Ecosystems ..................................... 648 Streams and Rivers ......................................... 650 Lakes and Reservoirs ....................................... 658 Advanced: Reservoirs as Unique Ecosystems .................. 662 Wetlands ................................................... 663 Whole Ecosystem Experiments ................................ 668 Comparison of Freshwater Ecosystems ........................ 669 Summary .................................................... 672 Questions for Thought ...................................... 673 25 Conclusions ................................................ 675 Appendix: Experimental Design in Aquatic Ecology .............. 679 Natural Observations and Experiments ....................... 681 Multivariate Methods ....................................... 682 Simulation Modeling ........................................ 685 Manipulative Experiments ................................... 685 Whole System Manipulations ................................. 687 Summary .................................................... 688 GLOSSARY ...................................................... 691 REFERENCES .................................................... 719 TAXONOMIC INDEX ............................................... 787 SUBJECT INDEX ................................................. 795