1 Introduction to chemical nanotechnology ..................... 11
2 Definition of nanotechnology ................................ 13
2.1 General definition of nanotechnology ................... 14
2.2 Definition of "chemical nanotechnology" ................ 14
2.3 Nanotechnology for the field of "paints and
lacquers" .............................................. 14
3 Silane-technology as the key to chemical nanotechnology ..... 19
3.1 Hydrolysis and condensation of silanes - principles
of "sol-gel-process" ................................... 21
3.2 Network modifier for the flexibilization of the
inorganic network ...................................... 28
3.3 Cocondensation of metal alkoxides in the Si-O-Si-
network ................................................ 31
3.4 Adjustment of surface effects .......................... 36
3.4.1 Hydrophobic surfaces or the "easy to clean"
effect ......................................... 39
3.4.2 Super-hydrophobic surfaces or "lotus" effect .... 42
3.4.3 Hydrophilic surfaces or anti-fog effect ......... 46
3.4.4 Superhydrophilic surfaces ....................... 48
3.5 Production and modification of nanoparticles ........... 51
3.5.1 Production of nanoparticles ..................... 52
3.5.1.1 Top-down: ball grinding ................ 52
3.5.1.2 Bottom-up: production from the gas
phase .................................. 53
3.5.1.3 Bottom-up: "Aerosil"-method ............ 54
3.5.1.4 Bottom-up: chemical precipitation ...... 55
3.5.1.5 Bottom-up: sol-gel-process ............. 56
3.5.1.6 Bottom-up: microemulsion method ........ 56
3.5.2 Surface modification of nanoparticles ........... 57
3.5.2.1 Stabilization of nanoparticles ......... 57
3.5.2.2 Special case of silanization ........... 59
3.5.3 Characterization of nanoparticles ............... 60
3.5.3.1 Transmission electron microscopy
(ТЕМ) .................................. 60
3.5.3.2 EDX-analysis ........................... 61
3.5.3.3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) ................ 62
3.5.3.4 BET-surface classification ............. 63
3.5.3.5 Photon correlation spectroscopy
(PCS) .................................. 64
3.5.3.6 Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) .... 65
3.5.4 Utilization of nanoparticles for coating
materials ....................................... 66
3.5.4.1 SiO2-nanoparticles ..................... 66
3.5.4.2 TiO2-nanoparticles ..................... 69
3.5.4.3 TiO2-rutile for UV protection .......... 70
3.5.4.4 TiO2-anatase for photocatalytic
effects ................................ 71
3.5.4.5 Comparison between "catalytic clean"
effect and "lotus" effect .............. 74
3.5.4.6 Nanoparticles for diesel particulate
filters ................................ 77
3.5.4.7 Thermal degradation by nanoparticles ... 79
3.5.4.8 CeO2-and ZrO2-nanoparticles ............ 80
3.5.4.9 Carbon nanotubes ....................... 81
3.5.5 Antibacterial effects ........................... 84
3.5.5.1 Silver compounds for antibacterial
coatings ............................... 85
3.5.5.2 Chitosan for bacteria repellent
coatings ............................... 87
3.6 Functional, organic network formers .................... 89
3.6.1 Reaction of a 3-glycidyloxypropyl
trialoxysilane .................................. 91
3.6.1.1 Organic polymerization of
3-glycidoxypropyl trialkoxysilanes ..... 92
3.6.1.2 Organic addition reaction of the
3-glycidoxypropyl trialkoxysilane ...... 93
3.6.1.3 Condensation of nanoparticles .......... 99
3.6.1.4 Hydrolysis of 3-glycidoxypropyl
trialkoxysilanes ...................... 103
3.6.1.5 Variation of water amount ............. 104
3.6.1.6 Variation of hydrolysis time-period ... 107
3.6.1.7 29Si-NMR-spectroscopic examinations ... 108
3.6.2 Reaction of 3-methacryloxypropyl
trimethoxysilan (MPTS) ......................... 112
3.6.2.1 Inorganic modification with
boehmite-nanoparticles ................ 113
3.6.2.2 Examination of viscosity .............. 114
3.6.2.3 Examination of temperature profile .... 115
3.6.2.4 Examining pH-level .................... 116
3.6.2.5 Model of particle stabilization ....... 117
3.6.2.6 Characterization through
transmission electron microscopy
(ТЕМ) ................................. 118
3.6.2.7 Characterization by Karl-Fischer-
Titration ............................. 118
3.6.2.8 Characterization by 29Si-NMR-
spectroscopy .......................... 119
3.6.2.9 Characterization of organic
crosslinking by FTIR- and photo-DSC
measurements .......................... 123
3.6.2.10 Influence of the boehmite
concentration on the radical cross
linking ............................... 126
3.6.2.11 Polymerization mechanisms and photo
initiators ............................ 129
3.6.2.12 Flexibilization of the MPTS/boehmite
by organic co-polymerization .......... 131
3.6.2.13 Examinations of the mechanical
properties ............................ 133
3.6.2.14 Classification of literature
pertaining to nanocoatings based on
MPTS .................................. 134
3.6.3 Precipitation emulsion method .................. 135
3.6.4 Innovative bonding agent classification -
"silixanes" .................................... 139
3.6.5 Corrosion protection ........................... 143
3.6.5.1 Self assembling monolayers (SAM) ....... 145
3.6.5.2 Nanoparticle-filled siloxane
coatings ............................... 146
3.6.5.3 Cathodic corrosion protection with
nanoparticulate approaches ............. 148
3.6.6 Protective coating against scaling for steel
during hot stamping-nanotechnology combined
with lacquer chemistry ........................ 149
4 Outlook .................................................... 153
5 Literature ................................................. 155
List of abbreviations ...................................... 164
Authors .................................................... 165
Index ...................................................... 166
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