Paleoaltimetry: geochemical and thermodynamic approaches / ed. by Kohn M.J. - Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America, 2007. - 278 p. - (Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry; Vol. 66). - ISSN 1529-6466; ISBN 978-0-939950-78-2  Место хранения:   09 | Институт геохимии им. А.П.Виноградова СО РАН | Иркутск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

1 The Significance of Paleotopography Marin K. Clark ABSTRACT ........................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 DEFINITIONS AND SCALES OF TOPOGRAPHY, ELEVATION, AND RELIEF ..... 2 MEASUREMENTS FROM PALEOALTIMETRY METHODS ........................ 2 SHAPING THE LAND SURFACE: RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CLIMATE, EROSION AND TECTONICS THAT DICTATE MEAN ELEVATION ............. 3 Paleorelief vs. paleoelevation .............................. 4 TOPOGRAPHY CHANGE PREDICTED BY TECTONIC MODELS .................. 5 Tibetan Plateau: widespread contraction ..................... 6 Basin and Range Province: widespread extension ............. 11 DISCUSSION ..................................................... 15 SUMMARY ........................................................ 16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 16 REFERENCES ..................................................... 17 2 Stable Isotope-Based Paleoaltimetry: Theory and Validation David B. Rowley ABSTRACT ....................................................... 23 INTRODUCTION ................................................... 23 STABLE ISOTOPE-BASED PALEOALTIMETRY ............................ 26 ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPE- BASED ESTIMATES OF ELEVATION FROM OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION ..... 26 THE MODEL ...................................................... 27 MODEL VERSUS EMPIRICAL FITTING OF DATA ......................... 36 DATA-MODEL COMPARISONS ......................................... 38 SURFACE WATERS ................................................. 40 CONCLUSIONS .................................................... 49 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 50 REFERENCES ..................................................... 50 3 Paleoelevation Reconstruction using Pedogenic Carbonates Jay Quade, Carmala Garzione, John Eiler ABSTRACT ....................................................... 53 INTRODUCTION ................................................... 54 DEPENDENCE OF THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF RAINFALL ON ELEVATION ................................................. 56 MODERN PEDOGENIC CARBONATES .................................... 58 Pedogenic carbonate formation .............................. 58 The oxygen isotopic composition of Holocene pedogenic carbonate ................................................ 59 Soil temperature considerations ............................ 60 Evaluation of aridity ...................................... 61 Elevation variation in the δ18Osc value of pedogenic carbonate ................................................ 64 PALEO-ELEVATION ESTIMATES USING CARBONATE "CLUMPED ISOTOPE" PALEOTHERMOMETRY ............................................. 67 Principles, methods and instrumentation .................... 68 Advantages and disadvantages ............................... 69 DIAGENESIS ..................................................... 70 PALEOSOL RECORDS OF PALEOELEVATION CHANGE: CASE STUDIES ........ 71 Paleoelevation reconstruction of the Bolivian Altiplano .... 71 Results from clumped isotope thermometry ................... 76 Paleoatimetry of southern Tibet and the Himalaya ........... 78 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................. 83 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 83 REFERENCES ..................................................... 84 4 Stable Isotope Paleoaltimetry in Orogenic Belts- The Silicate Record in Surface and Crustal Geological Archives Andreas Mulch, C. Page Chamberlain ABSTRACT ....................................................... 89 INTRODUCTION ................................................... 89 STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOALTIMETRY AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING PROCESSES .................................................... 90 Quantitative paleoelevation estimates as boundary conditions for climate models ............................ 90 Quantitative paleoelevation estimates as boundary conditions for tectonic models ........................... 91 What can the geodynamic and tectonic modeling community expect from future stable isotope paleoaltimetry studies? ................................................. 93 STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOALTIMETRY USING SILICATE PROXIES ........... 93 Cherts and clay minerals ................................... 93 A historical note on stable isotope paleoaltimetry ......... 94 Shear zone silicates as paleoelevation proxies ............. 98 The coupled basin-detachment approach ..................... 101 APPLICATIONS OF STABLE ISOTOPE PALEOALTIMETRY ................. 102 Tracking of orogenic rain shadows ......................... 102 Reconstructing paleo-river slopes ......................... 105 Reconstructing paleoelevation in eroded mountain ranges ... 108 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ............................. 110 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 114 REFERENCES .................................................... 114 5 Paleoaltimetry from Stable Isotope Compositions of Fossils Matthew J. Kohn, David L. Dettman ABSTRACT ...................................................... 119 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 119 LINKS BETWEEN ELEVATION AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS ....... 120 Isotopic lapse rates ...................................... 120 Monsoons .................................................. 122 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................... 122 Choosing a problem ........................................ 122 Vertebrate fossils ........................................ 124 Invertebrate fossils ...................................... 128 EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS ..................................... 134 Tibetan Plateau ........................................... 134 Cascades .................................................. 138 Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Rockies ..................... 142 DISCUSSION .................................................... 145 Lapse rates ............................................... 145 Paleoclimate .............................................. 146 Potential improvements to paleoaltimetry .................. 146 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 148 REFERENCES .................................................... 148 6 A Review of Paleotemperature-Lapse Rate Methods for Estimating Paleoelevation from Fossil Floras Herbert W. Meyer ABSTRACT ...................................................... 155 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 155 REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTIMATING PALEOELEVATION ......... 156 Paleotemperature estimates from fossil floras ............. 156 Lapse rate methodologies for estimating paleoelevation .... 158 Seasonal variations of temperature: Effects on vegetation distribution and lapse rates ............................ 162 Other variables ........................................... 163 APPLICATIONS .................................................. 165 Late Eocene Florissant flora .............................. 165 Western Tertiary floras ................................... 165 DISCUSSION .................................................... 168 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 169 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 169 REFERENCES .................................................... 169 7 Paleoaltimetry: A Review of Thermodynamic Methods Chris E. Forest ABSTRACT ...................................................... 173 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 173 USING MOIST STATIC ENERGY ..................................... 175 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOIST STATIC ENERGY ................... 176 Theoretical constraints ................................... 176 Surface observations of moist static energy ............... 179 Moist static energy versus mean annual temperature ........ 180 RELEVANT PALEOBOTANICAL WORK .................................. 181 Previous physiognomic methods for estimating paleoclimate ............................................ 182 ESTIMATING PALEOCLIMATE ....................................... 182 Data ...................................................... 182 Data analysis ............................................. 184 Results of physiognomy/climate analysis ................... 186 TOTAL EXPECTED ERROR IN PALEOALTITUDE ......................... 188 APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMIC METHODS ......................... 190 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................... 190 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 191 REFERENCES .................................................... 191 8 Paleoelevation Measurement on the Basis of Vesicular Basalts Dork Sahagian, Alex Proussevitch ABSTRACT ...................................................... 195 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 196 CALCULATING PALEOATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ......................... 198 NECESSARY CONDITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS .......................... 198 MEASURING VESICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS .......................... 202 TESTING THE TECHNIQUE ......................................... 203 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ERROR ........... 204 COMPARISON WITH OTHER PALEOELEVATION PROXIES .................. 207 APPLICATION TO THE UPLIFT HISTORY OF THE COLORADO PLATEAU ..... 207 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 211 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 211 REFERENCES .................................................... 211 9 Stomatal Frequency Change Over Altitudinal Gradients: Prospects for Paleoaltimetry Lenny L.R. Kouwenberg, Wolfram M. Kürschner, Jennifer C. McElwain ABSTRACT ...................................................... 215 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 216 NEW RESULTS ................................................... 217 Leaf morphology data ...................................... 217 CLIMATIC PARAMETERS, GAS EXCHANGE AND STOMATAL RESPONSE ....... 223 Changes in abiotic factors with altitude and direct effects on stomatal density and initiation .............. 224 Effects of climatic changes with altitude on air-leaf gas exchange ............................................ 227 APPLICATION OF STOMATAL FREQUENCY AS A PALEO-ALTIMETER: RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATIONS ............................. 230 Stomatal frequency techniques ............................. 230 Constraints on the selection of method and material ....... 231 Sources of error and quantification of uncertainty ........ 232 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 234 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 235 REFERENCES .................................................... 235 APPENDIX 1 .................................................... 239 MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................ 239 Collected material ........................................ 239 Light experiment .......................................... 239 Temperature experiment .................................... 239 Processing and analytical methods ......................... 239 APPENDIX 2 .................................................... 241 APPLICATION MANUAL .......................................... 241 10 Thermochronologic Approaches to Paleotopography Peter W. Reiners ABSTRACT ...................................................... 243 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 243 Thermochronology .......................................... 244 Erosion and paleotopography ............................... 245 Cooling-age or cooling-history variations and paleotopography ......................................... 245 BEDROCK-BASED APPROACHES ...................................... 246 Topographic bending of isotherms .......................... 246 The House et al. (1998, 2001) Sierra Nevada studies ....... 249 Spectral approaches ....................................... 251 Other bedrock-based approaches to understanding topographic change ...................................... 254 Caveats in interpreting spatial patterns of cooling ages and cooling histories ................................... 258 DETRITAL APPROACHES ........................................... 260 SUMMARY ....................................................... 263 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 263 REFERENCES .................................................... 263 11 Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclides as Paleoaltimetric Proxies Catherine A. Riihimaki, Julie С Libarkin ABSTRACT ...................................................... 269 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 269 PRODUCTION OF COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES IN ROCK ..................... 271 COSMOGENIC-NUCLIDEPALEOALTIMETRY .............................. 272 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ERROR IN COSMOGENIC-NUCLIDE PALEOALTIMETRY .............................................. 274 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 277 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 277 REFERENCES .................................................... 277