Fluid-fluid interactions / ed. by Liebscher A., Heinrich C.A. - Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America, 2007. - 430 p. - (Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry; Vol. 65). - ISBN 978-0-939950-775  Место хранения:   09 | Институт геохимии им. А.П.Виноградова СО РАН | Иркутск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

1. Fluid-Fluid Interactions in the Earth's Lithosphere Axel Liebscher, Christoph A. Heinrich INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENTS OF TWO-PHASE FLUIDS ....................... 2 PRINCIPAL PHASE RELATIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLUID SYSTEMS ............ 5 One-component systems ....................................... 5 Binary fluid systems ........................................ 5 TERMINOLOGY OF FLUID PHASES AND PROCESSES ....................... 8 Terms to describe fluid phases .............................. 8 Terms describing fluid processes involving one or two phases .................................................... 9 A note on the term "supercritical" ......................... 10 COMPOSITION AND PHASE STATE OF COMMON CRUSTAL FLUIDS ........... 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 12 REFERENCES ..................................................... 12 2. Experimental Studies in Model Fluid Systems Axel Liebscher INTRODUCTION ................................................... 15 DATA COMPILATION AND PRESENTATION .............................. 16 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO FLUID-FLUID STUDIES ......... 17 P-V-T-x RELATIONS IN BINARY MODEL FLUID SYSTEMS ................ 19 H2O-non polar gas systems .................................. 19 H2O-salt systems ........................................... 21 Other binary system ........................................ 29 P-V-T-x RELATIONS IN TERNARY MODEL FLUID SYSTEMS ............... 29 H2O-NaCl-CO2 system ........................................ 29 H2O-CaCl2-CO2 system ....................................... 31 H2O-NaCl-CH4 ............................................... 32 Limits of immiscibility in ternary H2O-salt-non polar gas systems .................................................. 34 Other ternary systems ...................................... 34 TRACE ELEMENT AND STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION ................. 35 Trace element fractionation ................................ 35 Stable isotope fractionation ............................... 36 FLUID-MINERAL AND FLUID-ROCK INTERACTIONS UNDER TWO-FLUID PHASE CONDITIONS ............................................. 39 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................. 42 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 43 REFERENCES ..................................................... 43 3. Equations of State for Complex Fluids Matthias Gottschalk INTRODUCTION ................................................... 49 PRINCIPLES ..................................................... 49 TYPES OF EOS ................................................... 53 Ideal gas .................................................. 53 Virial equation ............................................ 53 Cubic EOS .................................................. 54 Hard-sphere extension of the EOS ........................... 56 Integrated EOS ............................................. 57 MIXING AND COMBINING RULES ..................................... 59 SPECIFIC EOS FOR MIXTURES APPLICABLE TO GEOLOGIC SETTINGS ...... 61 Holloway (1976), Holloway (1981) ........................... 62 Bowers and Helgeson (1983) ................................. 62 Kerrick and Jacobs (1981), Jacobs and Kerrick (1981a,b) .... 63 Rimbach and Chatterjee (1987) .............................. 63 Grevel and Chatterjee (1992) ............................... 64 Grevel(1993) ............................................... 64 Spycher and Reed (1988) .................................... 64 Saxena and Fei (1987, 1988) ................................ 65 Shi and Saxena (1992) ...................................... 66 Belonoshko and Saxena (1992c), Belonoshko et al. (1992) .... 66 Duan et al. (1992c, 1996) .................................. 67 Duan et al. (1992a,b) ...................................... 68 Duan and Zhang (2006) ...................................... 69 Anderko and Pitzer (1993a,b), Duan et al. (1995) ........... 69 Duan et al. (2003) ......................................... 72 Jiang and Pitzer (1996), Duan et al. (2006) ................ 72 Churakov and Gottschalk (2003a,b) .......................... 72 CALCULATION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA ................................ 73 CONCLUSIONS .................................................... 73 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 75 REFERENCES ..................................................... 75 APPENDIX A ..................................................... 78 Derivations ................................................ 78 P and T as state variables ................................. 79 V and T as state variables ................................. 82 ν and T as state variables ................................. 85 ρ and T as state variables ................................. 87 U, H, and S as a function of the state variables V, P and T ........................................................ 88 APPENDIX В ..................................................... 91 Fugacity coefficients ...................................... 91 Excess Helmholtz free energy aexcess ........................ 91 Compressibility factor z ................................... 94 Derivatives of aexcess with respect to xi .................... 95 Fugacity coefficients ...................................... 97 Other versions and misprints of constants in parameter functions ................................................ 97 4. Liquid Immiscibility in Silicate Melts and Related Systems Alan B. Thompson, Maarten Aerts, Alistair С. Hack INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL IMMISCIBLE SYSTEMS ..................... 99 Immiscible anhydrous silicate melts and magmas ............ 101 LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN SILICATE MELTS ........................ 101 Silicate-oxide anhydrous molten binary systems and the role of network-forming and network-modifying cations ... 101 Factors controlling immiscibility or supercriticality in anhydrous silicate-oxide binary molten systems .......... 105 Effect of higher pressure on liquid immiscibility in anhydrous molten silicate binaries ...................... 106 Simplified representations of immiscibility, miscibility and supercriticality .................................... 107 TERNARY AND HIGHER ANHYDROUS MOLTEN SILICATE SYSTEMS .......... 107 The double role of Al2O3 in silicate melts ................ 111 Immiscibility in mineral ternary alkali-aluminosilicate melts ................................................... 111 Summary for anhydrous silicate melt systems ............... 114 MOLTEN SILICATE-CARBONATE SYSTEMS ............................. 114 ANHYDROUS MOLTEN SILICATE SYSTEMS WITH PHOSPHOROUS, FLUORINE, CHLORINE, BORON, SULFUR ........................... 118 SUPERCRITICAL OR SUPERSOLVUS MELTS IN ANHYDROUS SILICATE ROCK SYSTEMS AT HIGHER PRESSURE? ............................ 119 Simplified peridotite mantle .............................. 119 Simplified basaltic crust ................................. 120 Simplified felsic crust ................................... 121 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................ 122 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 122 REFERENCES .................................................... 123 5. Phase Relations Involving Hydrous Silicate Melts, Aqueous Fluids, and Minerals Alistair C. Hack, Alan B. Thompson, Maarten Aerts IMMISCIBILITY IN NATURAL SYSTEMS INVOLVING HYDROUS SILICATE MELTS ....................................................... 129 Supercritical H2O ......................................... 130 Critical behavior systematics for H2O with added components .............................................. 130 Phase separation in subsolidus and supersolidus systems ... 131 The general role of H2O and other volatiles in silicate melt immiscibility ...................................... 131 Brief history of supercritical fluid research ............. 132 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID PHASE RELATIONS: LIMITATIONS OF SOLID-WATER SYSTEMS AS IDEAL BINARIES ........ 132 Two basic phase relation topologies of A-H2O binary systems ................................................. 133 Further types of L-V phase relations ...................... 137 MINERAL-H2O SYSTEMS ........................................... 139 SiO2(quartz)-H2O .......................................... 140 NaAlSi3O8(albite)-H2O ..................................... 143 Effect of added volatiles on critical behavior in SiO2-H2O and NaAlSi3O8-H2O ............................... 146 Effects of non-volatile components on critical behavior in NaAlSi3O8-H2O and SiO2-H2O ............................ 148 ROCK-H2O SYSTEMS .............................................. 149 General A-B-H2O ternary phase relations involving L-V supercriticality ........................................ 149 NaAlSiO4-SiO2-H2O(nepheline-quartz-H2O) .................... 151 Haplogranite-water (quaitz+albite+K-feldspar+H2O±anorthite) ................ 155 Pegmatites ................................................ 157 Peridotite-water: MgO-SiO2-H2O (forsterite+enstatite+quartz+H2O) ....................... 158 Eclogite-water (garnet+omphacite+coesite+kyanite+rutile+H2O) ........... 163 FLUID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION AND P-T PATHS .......... 166 Clapeyron slope of critical curves and fluid density ...... 166 Cooling or decompression paths crossing critical curves ... 168 Viscosity of silicate-bearing aqueous fluids .............. 168 Precipitation and dissolution on flow paths, L-V immiscibility, single-phase fluids and metasomatism ..... 170 FLUID EVOLUTION IN LARGE SCALE TECTONIC PROCESSES ............. 172 Oceanic lithosphere subduction environments ............... 173 Supercritical fluids in the earth's mantle? ............... 174 NATURAL SYSTEMS: WHERE ARE IMMISCIBILITY, SUPERCRITICALITY LIKELY TO OCCUR? ............................................ 175 Natural systems ........................................... 175 Extent of immiscibility and supercriticality in natural processes ............................................... 176 What to do next? .......................................... 176 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 177 REFERENCES .................................................... 177 6. Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Fluid Flow in Hydrothermal Systems Thomas Driesner, Sebastian Geiger INTRODUCTION .................................................. 187 METHODS ....................................................... 188 Model discretization ...................................... 188 Mass conservation equations ............................... 189 Momentum conservation ..................................... 189 Energy conservation equation .............................. 190 Computation of pressure changes ........................... 191 Solving the equations ..................................... 191 PERMEABILITY AND THERMAL EVOLUTION OF HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS .... 192 Permeability, discharge, recharge and efficiency of heat transfer ................................................ 193 Thermal evolution patterns above a cooling pluton ......... 195 COMPARING FLUID INCLUSION DATA AND SIMULATION PREDICTIONS ..... 200 FLOW OF SALINE FLUIDS IN MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS ........ 203 Porphyry case study ....................................... 204 OUTLOOK ....................................................... 207 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 210 REFERENCES .................................................... 210 7. Fluid Phase Separation Processes in Submarine Hydrothermal Systems Dionysis I. Foustoukos, William E. Seyfried, Jr. INTRODUCTION .................................................. 213 PHASE RELATIONS IN THE NaCl-H2O SYSTEM ........................ 215 FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF PHASE SEPARATION IN SUBMARINE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS ........................................ 218 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PHASE SEPARATION IN THE NaCl-H2O SYSTEM ...................................................... 221 Empirical expressions and theoretical modeling ............ 221 Elemental partitioning between vapor-liquid and vapor-halite ............................................ 222 Stable isotope fractionation in the two-phase region of the NaCl-H2O system ..................................... 225 Phase separation and mineral-fluid equilibria ............. 228 FINAL REMARKS - NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS ......................... 232 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 233 REFERENCES .................................................... 233 8. Fluids in Hydrocarbon Basins Karen S. Pedersen, Peter L. Christensen INTRODUCTION .................................................. 241 PHASE DIAGRAMS ................................................ 242 Pure components: methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) ........... 242 Multicomponent hydrocarbon fluids ......................... 243 PHYSICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON FLUIDS ....... 245 PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS EXPRESSED IN BLACK OIL TERMS ....................................................... 248 COMPOSITIONAL VARIATIONS WITH DEPTH ........................... 248 HYDROCARBON-WATER PHASE EQUILIBRIA ............................ 252 CO2 SEQUESTRATION ............................................. 253 REFERENCES .................................................... 256 9. Fluid-Fluid Interactions in Geothermal Systems Stefán Arnórsson, Andri Stefánsson, Jón Örn Bjarnason INTRODUCTION .................................................. 259 BASIC FEATURES OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS .......................... 259 Types of geothermal systems ............................... 260 Geological structure of volcanic geothermal systems ....... 261 Temperature and pressure .................................. 261 TRANSFER OF HEAT .............................................. 262 GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS ............................................. 263 Primary and secondary geothermal fluids ................... 263 Chemical composition of primary fluids .................... 263 Secondary fluids .......................................... 267 BOILING AND PHASE SEGREGATION ................................. 269 The boiling point curve ................................... 270 Effect of dissolved gases ................................. 271 Liquid-vapor separation under natural conditions .......... 272 Vapor-dominated systems ................................... 272 Boiling and fluid phase segregation in wells and producing aquifers ...................................... 273 INITIAL AND EQUILIBRIUM VAPOR FRACTIONS ....................... 278 GAS CHEMISTRY ................................................. 280 BOILING AND CHANGES IN MINERAL SATURATION ..................... 287 Changes in fluid composition during boiling and degassing ............................................... 287 Mineral deposition with special reference to calcite ...... 289 MODELING OF AQUIFER FLUID COMPOSITIONS ........................ 290 Boiling hot springs ....................................... 291 Wet-steam well discharges ................................. 293 FUTURE DIRECTIONS ............................................. 297 LIST OF SYMBOLS ............................................... 298 REFERENCES .................................................... 300 APPENDIX 1 - DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS TO CALCULATE AQUIFER STEAM FRACTIONS AND FLUID COMPOSITIONS FOR WET-STEAM WELLS ....................................................... 306 Model 1: Isolated system .................................. 307 Model 2: Closed system; conductive heat flow to fluid ..... 308 Model 3: Open system; liquid retained in formation ........ 309 Model 4: Open system; liquid retained in formation; steam inflow ............................................ 310 Model 5: Open system; liquid retained in formation; conductive heat flow to fluid ........................... 311 10. Fluid Immiscibility in Volcanic Environments James D. Webster, Charles W. Mandeville INTRODUCTION .................................................. 313 BACKGROUND .................................................... 313 OBSERVATIONAL, ANALYTICAL, AND THEORETICAL EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE FLUIDS IN VOLCANIC ENVIRONMENTS .................... 315 Fluid immiscibility in model systems ...................... 315 Intensive properties of fluids in volcanic environments ... 317 Volcanic crater lakes ..................................... 327 Submarine volcanic environments ........................... 329 Magma conduits and shallow plutonic magmas that underlie volcanoes ............................................... 331 Alkaline and carbonate-rich magmas ........................ 332 Experimental petrology: evidence of multiple fluids coexisting with aluminosilicate melts ................... 333 Constraints from stable isotope geochemistry .............. 338 SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION TO VOLCANIC PROCESSES ............... 343 Review of two fluids in volcanic environments ............. 343 Fractionation of volatile components between fluids ....... 344 Consequences of two fluids in volcanic environments ....... 345 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 348 REFERENCES .................................................... 349 11. Fluid-Fluid Interactions in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Ore Formation Christoph A. Heinrich INTRODUCTION .................................................. 363 CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FLUID PHASE SEPARATION ............... 365 Principles of hydrothermal ore formation .................. 365 Mineral precipitation by low-pressure boiling ............. 366 Ore-metal fractionation between vapor and hypersaline liquids ................................................. 366 OROGENIC GOLD DEPOSITS: CRUSTAL-SCALE ORE SYSTEMS ............. 370 FLUID MIXING AND ORE DEPOSITION: GRANITE-RELATED Sn-W VEINS ... 371 LIQUID - VAPOR EVOLUTION IN PORPHYRY - EPITHERMAL SYSTEMS ..... 375 Geological observations ................................... 375 Fluid evolution paths in Cu-Au mineralizing systems ....... 376 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................... 381 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 382 REFERENCES .................................................... 382 12. Fluid Immiscibility in Metamorphic Rocks Wilhelm Heinrich INTRODUCTION .................................................. 389 FLUID PHASE RELATIONS ......................................... 390 Binary fluid systems ...................................... 390 Phase relations in the system H2O-CO2-NaCl ................ 391 H2O-CO2-CaCl2 ............................................. 393 H2O-CH4-NaCl .............................................. 394 PHASE RELATIONS AND FLUID EVOLUTION IN THE CaO-MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2-NaCl MODEL SYSTEM ...................... 394 PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS ........................ 403 The record of fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks: problems with selective entrapment and post-entrapment modifications ........................................... 403 Fluid phase separation and two fluid flow in metamorphic rocks ................................................... 406 Geophysical consequences of fluid unmixing ................ 407 FIELD STUDIES ................................................. 407 The seminal studies: marbles from Campolungo, Lepontine Alps .................................................... 408 Contact metamorphism ...................................... 409 Regional and subduction-related metamorphism .............. 419 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................ 423 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 424 REFERENCES .................................................... 424