Bryant E. Tsunami: the underrated hazard. - 2nd ed. - Berlin: Springer; Chichester: Praxis Pub., 2008. - 330 p. - (Springer-Praxis books in geophysical sciences). - ISBN 978-3-540-74273-9  Место хранения:   071 | Институт вычислительной математики и математической геофизики CO РАН | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ........................................................ xi Acknowledgements ............................................... xv List of figures ............................................... xxi List of tables .............................................. xxvii List of symbols .............................................. xxix List of abbreviations and acronyms ......................... xxxiii PART I Tsunami as a known hazard .............................. 1 1 Introduction .................................................. 3 Introduction .................................................. 3 Five stories .................................................. 4 1 An Aboriginal legend ................................... 4 2 The Kwenaitchechat Legend, Pacific Northwest ........... 5 3 Krakatau, August 27, 1883 .............................. 6 4 Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, November 18, 1929 ....... 7 5 Papua New Guinea, July 17, 1998 ........................ 9 Scientific fact or legends? .................................. 10 Causes of tsunami ............................................ 12 Distribution and fatalities................................... 14 Mediterranean Sea ....................................... 15 Caribbean Sea ........................................... 15 Pacific Ocean Region (including Indonesia) .............. 16 New Zealand and Australia ............................... 22 Bays, fjords, inland seas, and lakes .................... 23 Meteorological phenomena, freak waves, and storm surges ...... 24 2 Tsunami dynamics ............................................. 27 Introduction ................................................. 27 Tsunami characteristics ...................................... 27 Tsunami wave theory .......................................... 31 Resonance ............................................... 36 Shallow-water, long-wave theory ......................... 37 Run-up and inundation ........................................ 40 Run-up .................................................. 40 nland penetration ....................................... 45 Depth and velocity at shore ............................. 46 PART II Tsunami-formed landscapes .............................. 49 3 Signatures of tsunami in the coastal landscape ............... 51 Introduction ................................................. 51 Depositional signatures of tsunami ........................... 53 Buried sand or anomalous sediment layers ................ 53 Foraminifera and diatoms ................................ 57 Boulder floaters in sand ................................ 59 Dump deposits............................................ 60 Mounds and ridges ....................................... 63 Chevrons and dune bedforms .............................. 65 Smear deposits .......................................... 67 Large boulders and piles of imbricated boulders ......... 68 Turbidites............................................... 75 Erosional signatures of tsunami .............................. 77 Small-scale features ................................... 77 Large-scale features .................................... 83 Flow dynamics ........................................... 86 4 Coastal landscape evolution .................................. 91 Introduction ................................................. 91 Catastrophism vs. uniformitarianism .......................... 91 Tsunami vs. storms ........................................... 94 The nature of tsunami vs. storm deposits ................ 95 Movement of boulders .................................... 96 Types of coastal landscapes created by tsunami ............... 98 Sandy barrier coasts .................................... 98 Deltas and alluvial plains ............................. 101 Rocky coasts ........................................... 103 Atolls ................................................. 104 Examples of tsunami-generated landscapes: Australia ......... 106 South coast of New South Wales ......................... 106 Cairns Coast, Northeast Queensland ..................... 109 Northwest West Australia ............................... 112 Other examples of tsunami-generated landscapes .............. 115 Grand Cayman ........................................... 115 Bahamas ................................................ 117 Chilean coast .......................................... 119 PART III Causes of tsunami .................................... 125 5 Earthquake-generated tsunami ................................ 127 Introduction ................................................ 127 Seismic waves .......................................... 127 Magnitude scales for earthquakes and tsunami ................ 129 Earthquake magnitude scales ............................ 129 Tsunami earthquakes .................................... 130 Tsunami magnitude scales ............................... 132 Seismic gaps and tsunami occurrence ......................... 134 Relationships between earthquakes and tsunami ............... 135 How earthquakes generate tsunami ....................... 135 Linking tsunami run-up to earthquake magnitude ......... 139 Large historical tsunamigenic earthquakes ................... 140 Lisbon, November 1, 1755 ............................... 140 Chile, May 22, 1960 .................................... 143 Alaska, March 27, 1964 ................................. 149 Events of the 1990s ......................................... 154 Slow Nicaraguan tsunami earthquake of September 2, 1992 .............................................. 156 Flores, December 12, 1992 .............................. 158 The Hokkaido Nansei-Oki tsunami of July 12, 1993 ....... 160 Papua New Guinea, July 17, 1998 ........................ 163 The Indian Ocean tsunami, December 26, 2004 ................. 167 6 Great landslides ............................................ 179 Introduction ................................................ 179 Causes of submarine landslides .............................. 181 How submarine landslides generate tsunami ................... 184 Historical tsunami attributable to landslides ............... 186 The Lituya Bay landslide of July 9, 1958 ............... 187 Grand Banks tsunami, November 18, 1929 ................. 189 Geological events ........................................... 193 Hawaiian landslides .................................... 193 The Canary Islands ..................................... 196 The Storegga slide of 7950 bp .......................... 198 Bristol Channel, U.K., January 30, 1607 ..................... 205 The risk in the world's oceans .............................. 213 Other volcanic islands ................................. 213 Other topography ....................................... 215 7 Volcanic eruptions .......................................... 217 Introduction ................................................ 217 Causes of volcano-induced tsunami ........................... 217 Krakatau, August 26-27, 1883 ................................ 222 Santorini, around 1470 вс ................................... 225 8 Comets and asteroids ........................................ 231 Introduction ................................................ 231 Near Earth objects (NEOs) ................................... 231 What are they? ......................................... 231 How frequent have comet and asteroid impacts been? ..... 234 How do extraterrestrial objects generate tsunami? ........... 236 Mechanisms for generating tsunami ...................... 236 Size of tsunami ........................................ 238 Geological events ........................................... 245 Hypothesized frequency ................................. 245 Chicxulub, the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) extinction event ............................................. 247 Other events ........................................... 251 Deluge Comet impact event 8,200±200 years ago ............... 251 The Mahuika Comet impact event and eastern Australia ........ 253 Geological evidence for mega-tsunami ................... 254 Maori legends supporting a cosmogenic event ............ 257 Aboriginal legends supporting a cosmogenic event ....... 258 Timing of Mahuika ...................................... 260 Events in the Kimberley, Western Australia .................. 263 Legends supporting cosmogenic tsunami .................. 263 Field evidence ......................................... 266 PART IV Modern risk of tsunami .............................. 271 9 Risk and avoidance .......................................... 273 Introduction ................................................ 273 What locations along a coast are at risk from tsunami? ...... 277 Warning systems ............................................. 280 The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center ..................... 280 Flaws in regional warning systems ...................... 285 Localized tsunami warning systems ...................... 286 How long have you got? ...................................... 290 Where should you go if there is a tsunami warning? .......... 291 What if it is an asteroid or comet? ......................... 294 Is it all that bad? The case of Sydney ...................... 295 10 Epilogue ................................................... 299 Five stories ............................................... 299 1 An unsuspected earthquake ........................... 299 2 An unassuming earthquake ............................ 302 3 A submarine landslide ............................... 303 4 A volcanic eruption ................................. 304 5 An asteroid impact with the ocean ................... 305 Concluding comments ........................................ 306 References .................................................... 309 Index ......................................................... 325