1 Introduction D. Yogi Goswami ............................... 1-1
1.1 Energy Use by Sectors ................................ 1-3
1.2 Electrical Capacity Additions to 2030 ................ 1-4
1.3 Present Status and Potential of Renewable Energy ..... 1-5
1.4 Role of Energy Conservation .......................... 1-7
1.5 Energy Conversion Technologies ...................... 1-10
SECTION I Energy Resources
2 Fossil Fuels ............................................... 2-1
2.1 Coal Robert Reuther ................................. 2-1
2.2 Environmental Aspects Richard Bajura ............... 2-14
2.3 Oil Philip С. Crouse ............................... 2-16
2.4 Natural Gas Philip С. Crouse ....................... 2-21
3 Biomass Energy Ralph P. Overend and Lynn I. Wright ........ 3-1
3.1 Biomass Feedstock Technologies ....................... 3-1
3.2 Biomass Conversion Technologies ...................... 3-4
4 Nuclear Resources James S. Tulenko ........................ 4-1
4.1 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle ............................... 4-1
4.2 Processing of Nuclear Fuel ........................... 4-2
5 Solar Energy Resources D. Yogi Goswami .................... 5-1
5.1 Solar Energy Availability ............................ 5-1
5.2 Earth-Sun Relationships .............................. 5-2
5.3 Solar Time ........................................... 5-4
5.4 Solar Radiation on a Surface ......................... 5-4
5.5 Solar Radiation on a Horizontal Surface .............. 5-5
5.6 Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface .................. 5-5
5.7 Solar Radiation Measurements ......................... 5-6
5.8 Solar Radiation Data ................................. 5-6
6 Wind Energy Resources Dale E. Berg ........................ 6-1
6.1 Wind Origins ......................................... 6-1
6.2 WindPower ............................................ 6-1
6.3 Wind Shear ........................................... 6-2
6.4 Wind Energy Resource ................................. 6-2
6.5 Wind Characterization ................................ 6-6
6.6 Wind Energy Potential ................................ 6-6
7 Geothermal Energy Joel L. Renner and Marshall J. Reed ..... 7-1
7.1 Heat Flow ............................................ 7-1
7.2 Types of Geothermal Systems .......................... 7-2
7.3 Geothermal Energy Potential .......................... 7-2
7.4 Geothermal Applications .............................. 7-4
7.5 Environmental Constraints ............................ 7-4
7.6 Operating Conditions ................................. 7-6
SECTION II Energy Conversion
8 Steam Power Plant John Kern ............................... 8-1
8.1 Introduction ......................................... 8-1
8.2 Rankine Cycle Analysis ............................... 8-2
8.3 Topping and Bottoming Cycles ......................... 8-5
8.4 Steam Boilers ........................................ 8-5
8.5 Steam Turbines ....................................... 8-7
8.6 Heat Exchangers, Pumps, and Other Cycle
Components .......................................... 8-11
8.7 Generators .......................................... 8-14
9 Gas Turbines Steven I. Freedman ........................... 9-1
9.1 Overview ............................................. 9-1
9.2 History .............................................. 9-1
9.3 Fuels and Firing ..................................... 9-2
9.4 Efficiency ........................................... 9-2
9.5 Gas Turbine Cycles ................................... 9-3
9.6 Cycle Configurations ................................. 9-4
9.7 Components Used in Complex Cycles .................... 9-6
9.8 Upper Temperature Limit .............................. 9-9
9.9 Materials ........................................... 9-10
9.10 Combustion .......................................... 9-10
9.11 Mechanical Product Features ......................... 9-11
10 Internal Combustion Engines
David E. Klett and Elsayed M. Afify ....................... 10-1
10.1 Introduction ........................................ 10-1
10.2 Engine Types and Basic Operation .................... 10-2
10.3 Air Standard Power Cycles ........................... 10-7
10.4 Actual Cycles ...................................... 10-10
10.5 Combustion in IС Engines ........................... 10-12
10.6 Exhaust Emissions .................................. 10-15
10.7 Fuels for SI and CI Engines ........................ 10-17
10.8 Intake Pressurization—Supercharging and
Turbocharging ...................................... 10-20
11 Hydraulic Turbines Roger E.A. Arndt ...................... 11-1
11.1 General Description ................................. 11-1
11.2 Principles of Operation ............................. 11-5
11.3 Factors Involved in Selecting a Turbine ............. 11-8
11.4 Performance Evaluation ............................. 11-12
11.5 Numerical Simulation ............................... 11-14
11.6 Field Tests ........................................ 11-17
12 Stirling Engines William B. Stine ........................ 12-1
12.1 Introduction ........................................ 12-1
12.2 Thermodynamic Implementation of the Stirling
Cycle ............................................... 12-2
12.3 Mechanical Implementation of the Stirling Cycle ..... 12-4
12.4 Future of the Stirling Engine ....................... 12-9
13 Advanced Fossil Fuel Power Systems Anthony F. Armor ...... 13-1
13.1 Introduction ........................................ 13-1
13.2 Fuels for Electric Power Generation in the U.S. ..... 13-2
13.3 Coal as a Fuel for Electric Power (World Coal
Institute 2000) ..................................... 13-3
13.4 Clean Coal Technology Development ................... 13-4
13.5 Pulverized-Coal Plants .............................. 13-5
13.6 Emissions Controls for Pulverized Coal Plants ....... 13-9
13.7 Fluidized Bed Plants ............................... 13-13
13.8 Gasification Plants ................................ 13-16
13.9 Combustion Turbine Plants .......................... 13-20
13.10 Central Station Options for New Generation ......... 13-24
13.11 Summary ............................................ 13-26
14 Combined-Cycle Power Plants Alex Lezuo ................... 14-1
14.1 Combined-Cycle Concepts ............................. 14-1
14.2 Combined-Cycle Thermodynamics ....................... 14-2
14.3 Combined-Cycle Arrangements ......................... 14-4
14.4 Combined Heat and Power from Combined-Cycle
Plants .............................................. 14-7
14.5 Environmental Aspects ............................... 14-8
15 Energy Storage Technologies
Roel Hammerschlag and Christopher P. Schaber .............. 15-1
15.1 Overview of Storage Technologies .................... 15-1
15.2 Principal Forms of Stored Energy .................... 15-3
15.3 Applications of Energy Storage ...................... 15-3
15.4 Specifying Energy Storage Devices ................... 15-4
15.5 Specifying Fuels .................................... 15-6
15.6 Direct Electric Storage ............................. 15-7
15.7 Electrochemical Energy Storage ...................... 15-8
15.8 Mechanical Energy Storage .......................... 15-13
15.9 Direct Thermal Storage ............................. 15-15
15.10 Thermochemical Energy Storage ...................... 15-18
16 Nuclear Power Technologies
Edwin A. Harvego and Kenneth D. Kok ....................... 16-1
16.1 Introduction ........................................ 16-1
16.2 Development of Current Power-Reactor Technologies ... 16-2
16.3 Next-Generation Technologies ........................ 16-8
16.4 Generation-IV Technologies ......................... 16-11
16.5 Fuel Cycle ......................................... 16-20
16.6 Nuclear Waste ...................................... 16-26
16.7 Nuclear Power Economics ............................ 16-29
16.8 Conclusions ........................................ 16-29
17 Nuclear Fusion Thomas E. Shannon ......................... 17-1
17.1 Introduction ........................................ 17-1
17.2 Fusion Fuel ......................................... 17-1
17.3 Confinement Concepts ................................ 17-2
17.4 Tokamak Reactor Development ......................... 17-2
17.5 Fusion Energy Conversion and Transport .............. 17-4
18 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion ........................... 18-1
18.1 Active Solar Heating Systems T. Agami Reddy ........ 18-1
18.2 Solar Heat for Industrial Processes
Riccardo Battisti, Hans Schweiger,
and Werner Weiss ................................... 18-49
18.3 Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting
Jeffrey H. Morehouse ............................... 18-59
18.4 Solar Cooling
D. Yogi Goswami and Sanjay Vijayaraghavan ......... 18-121
19 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
Manuel Romero-Alvarez and Eduardo Zarza ................... 19-1
19.1 Introduction and Context ............................ 19-2
19.2 Solar Concentration and CSP Systems ................. 19-6
19.3 Solar Concentrator Beam Quality ..................... 19-9
19.4 Solar Concentration Ratio: Principles and
Limitations of CSP Systems ......................... 19-13
19.5 Solar Thermal Power Plant Technologies ............. 19-15
19.6 Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plants ........ 19-18
19.7 Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plants ........ 19-50
19.8 Volumetric Atmospheric Receivers: PHOEBUS and
Solair ............................................. 19-80
19.9 Solar Air Preheating Systems for Combustion
Turbines: The SOLGATE Project ...................... 19-82
19.10 Dish/Stirling Systems .............................. 19-85
19.11 Market Opportunities ............................... 19-91
19.12 Conclusions ........................................ 19-92
20 Photovoltaics Fundamentals, Technology and Application .... 20-1
20.1 Photovoltaics
Roger Messenger and D. Yogi Goswami ................. 20-1
20.2 Thin-Film PV Technology Hari M. Upadhyaya,
Takhir M. Razykov, and Ayodhya N. Tiwari ........... 20-28
20.3 Concentrating PV Technologies Roland Winston,
Robert McConnell, and D. Yogi Goswami .............. 20-54
21 Wind Energy Conversion Dale E. Berg ...................... 21-1
21.1 Introduction ........................................ 21-1
21.2 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics ........................... 21-4
21.3 Wind Turbine Loads ................................. 21-16
21.4 Wind Turbine Structural Dynamic Considerations ..... 21-16
21.5 Peak Power Limitation .............................. 21-18
21.6 Turbine Subsystems ................................. 21-20
21.7 Other Wind-Energy Conversion Considerations ........ 21-23
22 Biomass Conversion Processes For Energy Recovery .......... 22-1
22.1 Energy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion
Massoud Kayhanian and George Tchobanoglous .......... 22-2
22.2 Power Generation Robert С. Brown .................. 22-37
22.3 Biofuels Robert С. Brown .......................... 22-51
23 Geothermal Power Generation Kevin Kitz ................... 23-1
23.1 Introduction ........................................ 23-2
23.2 Definition and Use of Geothermal Energy ............. 23-2
23.3 Requirements for Commercial Geothermal Power
Production .......................................... 23-3
23.4 Exploration and Assessment of Geothermal
Resources .......................................... 23-15
23.5 Management of the Geothermal Resource for Power
Production ......................................... 23-18
23.6 Geothermal Steam Supply (from Wellhead to
Turbine) ........................................... 23-25
23.7 Geothermal Power Production—Steam Turbine
Technologies ....................................... 23-32
23.8 Geothermal Power Production—Binary Power Plant
Technologies ....................................... 23-38
23.9 Environmental Impact ............................... 23-43
23.10 Additional Information on Geothermal Energy ........ 23-46
24 Waste-to-Energy Combustion
Charles O. Velzy and Leonard M. Grillo .................... 24-1
24.1 Introduction ........................................ 24-1
24.2 Waste Quantities and Characteristics ................ 24-2
24.3 Design of WTE Facilities ............................ 24-6
24.4 Air Pollution Control Facilities ................... 24-24
24.5 Performance ........................................ 24-32
24.6 Costs .............................................. 24-34
24.7 Status of Other Technologies ....................... 24-36
24.8 Future Issues and Trends ........................... 24-38
25 Ocean Energy Technology
Desikan Bharathan and Federica Zangrando .................. 25-1
25.1 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ..................... 25-1
25.2 Tidal Power ......................................... 25-2
25.3 Wave Power .......................................... 25-2
25.4 Concluding Remarks .................................. 25-3
26 Fuel Cells Xianguo Li .................................... 26-1
26.1 Introduction ........................................ 26-1
26.2 Principle of Operation for Fuel Cells ............... 26-2
26.3 Typical Fuel Cell Systems ........................... 26-3
26.4 Performance of Fuel Cells ........................... 26-4
26.5 Fuel Cell Electrode Processes ...................... 26-25
26.6 Cell Connection and Stack Design Considerations .... 26-27
26.7 Six Major Types of Fuel Cells ...................... 26-29
26.8 Summary ............................................ 26-44
27 Direct Energy Conversion .................................. 27-1
27.1 Thermionic Energy Conversion
Mysore L. Ramalingam ................................ 27-1
27.2 Thermoelectric Power Conversion
Jean-Pierre Fleurial ................................ 27-7
27.3 Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation
William D. Jackson ................................. 27-15
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