List of tables .............................................. ix
Preface ..................................................... xi
1 Plant defensive compounds and their molecular targets ........ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Organization and scope of the book ...................... 2
1.3 Description of the tables ............................... 3
1.4 Using the tables ........................................ 6
1.5 The structural diversity of plant defensive compounds ... 6
1.6 Plant alkaloids ......................................... 8
1.7 Plant phenolics ........................................ 21
1.8 Plant terpenes ......................................... 33
1.9 Other plant compounds .................................. 44
2 Biochemistry - the chemistry of life ........................ 52
2.1 Introduction - water-based life ........................ 52
2.2 Protein structure ...................................... 53
2.3 Enzymes and ligand-binding proteins .................... 58
2.4 Metabolic strategies ................................... 66
2.5 Inhibition of biochemical processes by plant
defensive compounds .................................... 85
3 Neurotransmitter- and hormone-gated ion channels ............ 86
3.1 Introduction - electrical signalling in excitable
cells .................................................. 86
3.2 lonotropic neurotransmitter receptors -
neurotransmitter-gated ion channels .................... 88
3.3 Structure and function of lonotropic receptors ......... 88
4 Ion pumps, ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels .......... 123
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 123
4.2 Ion pumps ............................................. 123
4.3 Voltage-gated Na+ channels ............................ 125
4.4 Ligand-regidated and voltage-gated K+ channels ........ 126
4.5 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels ........................... 126
4.6 Ligand-gated Ca2+ channels ............................ 126
4.7 Chloride transport and voltage-regulated chloride
channels .............................................. 127
5 Plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors ................ 157
5.1 Introduction — signalling via heterotrimeric G
proteins .............................................. 157
5.2 G protein-coupled hormone and neurotransmitter
receptors ............................................. 158
5.3 Hormones and neurotransmitters acting via G
protein-coupled receptors ............................. 159
5.4 Activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors .... 160
5.5 Leucocyte- and inflammation-related G protein-linked
receptors ............................................. 162
5.6 Other G protein-coupled receptors ..................... 164
6 Neurotransmitter transporters and converters ............... 231
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 231
6.2 Synthesis of neurotransmitters ........................ 232
6.3 Release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles ... 233
6.4 Re-uptake of neurotransmitters into neurons and
synaptic vesicles ..................................... 233
6.5 Neurotransmitter degradation .......................... 233
7 Cyclic nucleotide-, Ca2+- and nitric oxide-based
signalling ................................................. 253
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 253
7.2 Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent enzymes ................ 254
7.3 Adenylyl cyclase ...................................... 255
7.4 Membrane-bound and soluble guanylyl cyclases .......... 255
7.5 Nitric oxide synthesis ................................ 256
7.6 Cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent protein
kinases ............................................... 257
7.7 Protein kinase homologies and phosphoprotein
phosphatases .......................................... 257
7.8 Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases .................. 258
8 Signal-regulated protein kinases ........................... 295
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 295
8.2 Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase ................... 296
8.3 Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase ................... 297
8.4 Protein kinase С ...................................... 298
8.5 Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases ............. 298
8.6 AMP-dependent protein kinase .......................... 299
8.7 Receptor tyrosine kinases ............................. 300
8.8 Protein kinase В ...................................... 301
8.9 Cytokine activation of the JAK / STAT pathway ......... 302
8.10 Cell cycle control .................................... 303
8.11 Receptor serine / threonine kinases ................... 303
8.12 Other protein kinases ................................. 303
8.13 Phosphoprotein phosphatases ........................... 304
9 Gene expression, cell division and apoptosis ............... 339
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 339
9.2 Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes .......... 339
9.3 Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes ............. 340
9.4 RNA processing and translation ........................ 342
9.5 Control of translation ................................ 342
9.6 Protein processing andpost-translational
modification .......................................... 343
9.7 Protein targeting ..................................... 343
9.8 Cell division and apoptosis ........................... 344
9.9 HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 replication ................. 345
9.10 Plant compounds interfering with gene expression ...... 345
10 Taste and smell perception, pheromones and
semiochemicals ............................................. 396
10.1 Introduction ......................................... 396
10.2 Sweet taste receptors ................................ 397
10.3 Bitter taste receptors ............................... 397
10.4 Salty taste perception ............................... 398
10.5 Sour task perception ................................. 398
10.6 Umami (glutamate taste perception) ................... 398
10.7 Odorant perception ................................... 398
10.8 Animal pheromones and other animal bioactives
produced by plants ................................... 399
10.9 Other plant semiochemicals affecting animal
behaviour ............................................ 399
10.10 Odoriferous animal metabolites of ingested plant
compounds ............................................ 399
11 Agonists and antagonists of cytosolic hormone receptors .... 452
11.1 Introduction ......................................... 452
11.2 Steroid hormones ..................................... 452
11.3 Non-steroid cytosolic hormone receptor ligands ....... 453
11.4 Plant bioactives affecting cytosolic
receptor-mediated signalling ......................... 454
12 Polynucleotides, polysaccharides, phospholipids and
membranes .................................................. 487
12.1 Introduction ......................................... 487
12.2 Polynucleotides ...................................... 488
12.3 Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides ................. 489
12.4 Phospholipids and membranes .......................... 490
13 Inhibitors of digestion and metabolism ..................... 517
13.1 Introduction ......................................... 517
13.2 Glycohydrolases ...................................... 517
13.3 Proteases ............................................ 518
13.4 Glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle .............. 522
13.5 Mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative
phosphorylation ...................................... 522
13.6 Gluconeogenesis ...................................... 523
13.7 Solute translocation ................................. 524
14 Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic plant
compounds .................................................. 595
14.1 Introduction ......................................... 595
14.2 Adhesion and movement of inflammatory leucocytes ..... 596
14.3 Chemokines ........................................... 596
14.4 Phagocytosis ......................................... 597
14.5 Kinins, cytokines, platelet activatingfactor and
eicosanoids .......................................... 598
14.6 Plant-derived anti-inflammatory compounds ............ 599
14.7 Diabetes mellitus and plant antidiabetic compounds ... 599
14.8 Summary .............................................. 601
Appendix: structures of key parent and representative
compounds ........................................... 658
Bibliography ............................................... 673
Compound index ............................................. 678
Plant genus index .......................................... 730
Plant common names index ................................... 751
Subject index .............................................. 779
Abbreviations .............................................. 838
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