Preface ...................................................... xvii
Acknowledgments ............................................... xix
Author ........................................................ xxi
Chapter 1
Crude Oils ...................................................... 1
1.1 Stability ................................................... 1
1.1.1 Variation in Composition .............................. 1
1.1.2 Solvency .............................................. 4
1.1.3 Effect of Temperature ................................. 9
1.2 Interfacial Properties ..................................... 13
1.2.1 Oil/Air Interface .................................... 13
1.2.2 Oil/Water Interface .................................. 18
1.2.3 Oil/Metal Interface .................................. 22
1.3 Desalting .................................................. 24
1.4 Petroleum Sludge ........................................... 28
1.5 Use of Surfactants ......................................... 31
References ..................................................... 37
Chapter 2
Conventional Refining .......................................... 41
2.1 Petroleum Fractions ........................................ 41
2.1.1 Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation .................. 41
2.1.2 Crude Oil Types ...................................... 47
2.2 Lube Oil Base Stocks ....................................... 52
2.2.1 Viscosity Index ...................................... 52
2.2.2 Solvent Refining of Mineral Base Stocks .............. 55
2.2.3 Residual Oils ........................................ 58
2.3 Wax Products ............................................... 61
2.3.1 Composition of Wax ................................... 61
2.3.2 Deoiling of Wax ...................................... 63
2.3.3 Use of Petroleum Wax ................................. 68
2.4 Asphalts ................................................... 71
References ..................................................... 77
Chapter 3
Nonconventional Refining ....................................... 81
3.1 Catalytic Processing ....................................... 81
3.1.1 Use of Heavy Oils .................................... 81
3.1.2 Catalytic Cracking ................................... 84
3.1.3 Hydrodesulfurization ................................. 89
3.2 Hydroprocessing of Base Stocks ............................. 94
3.3 Thermal Cracking .......................................... 100
3.4 Bitumen Upgrading ......................................... 104
3.5 Catalyst Activity ......................................... 108
References .................................................... 120
Chapter 4
Asphaltene Stability .......................................... 123
4.1 Conventional Processing ................................... 123
4.2 Hydroprocessing ........................................... 127
4.3 Thermal Cracking .......................................... 133
4.3.1 Coking .............................................. 133
4.3.2 "True" Asphaltenes .................................. 137
4.4 Sediment Formation ........................................ 142
4.4.1 Reactivity .......................................... 142
4.4.2 Storage Stability ................................... 146
References .................................................... 149
Chapter 5
Daylight Stability ............................................ 151
5.1 Effect of Hydroprocessing Severity on Solvency and
Stability ................................................. 151
5.2 Effect of Hydroprocessing Severity on UV Absorbance ....... 156
5.3 Slack Wax Hydroisomerization Process ...................... 162
5.4 Use of Hydrofining ........................................ 167
5.5 Use of Hydrorefining ...................................... 173
References .................................................... 180
Chapter 6
Clay Treatment ................................................ 183
6.1 Fuel Stability ............................................ 183
6.2 Thermal-Oxidation Stability of Jet Fuel ................... 189
6.3 Clay Lifetime ............................................. 196
6.3.1 JFTOT Failure ....................................... 196
6.3.2 Copper Contamination ................................ 199
6.4 Clay Deactivation ......................................... 203
6.4.1 Total Acid Number ................................... 203
6.4.2 Bromine Number ...................................... 207
References .................................................... 210
Chapter 7
Foam Inhibition ............................................... 213
7.1 Surface Activity of Antifoaming Agents .................... 213
7.2 Foaming of Hydrofined Mineral Base Stocks ................. 220
7.3 Effect of Hydroprocessing ................................. 227
7.4 High Temperature Applications ............................. 235
7.4.1 Lubricating Oils .................................... 235
7.4.2 Coking Process ...................................... 240
References .................................................... 243
Chapter 8
Air Entrainment ............................................... 245
8.1 Conventional Refining ..................................... 245
8.2 Nonconventional Refining .................................. 253
8.3 Effect of Antifoaming Agents .............................. 257
8.4 Use of Antifoaming Agent Blends ........................... 265
References .................................................... 269
Chapter 9
Water Contamination ........................................... 271
9.1 Spreading Coefficient of Clay Treated Jet Fuel on Water ... 271
9.2 Oil/Water Interfacial Tension of White Oils ............... 277
9.3 Surface Activity of Demulsifiers .......................... 282
9.4 Aqueous Foams ............................................. 291
References .................................................... 295
Chapter 10
Rust and Corrosion ............................................ 297
10.1 Effect of Distilled Water ................................ 297
10.2 Rust Inhibition .......................................... 303
10.3 Corrosion Inhibition ..................................... 311
10.4 Surface Activity of Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors ........ 316
10.5 Effect of Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors on Emulsion
Stability ................................................ 320
References .................................................... 324
Chapter 11
Ion-Exchange Resin Treatment .................................. 327
11.1 Use of Adsorbents ........................................ 327
11.2 Basic Ion-Exchange Resin Treatment ....................... 332
11.3 Acidic Ion-Exchange Resin Treatment ...................... 336
11.4 Thermal Stability ........................................ 340
11.5 Fischer-Tropsch Process .................................. 345
References .................................................... 346
Index ......................................................... 349
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