Preface ........................................................ ix
Contributors ................................................... xi
Ground Water
Acid Mine Drainage: Sources and Treatment in
the United States ............................................... 1
Aquifers ........................................................ 9
Artificial Recharge of Unconfined Aquifer ...................... 11
Groundwater and Arsenic: Chemical Behavior and Treatment ....... 17
Treatment of Arsenic, Chromium, and Biofouling in Water
Supply Wells ................................................... 22
Artesian Water ................................................. 29
Modeling Contaminant Transport and Biodegradation
in Groundwater ................................................. 30
Biofouling in Water Wells ...................................... 35
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater ............. 38
Process Limitations of In Situ Bioremediation of
Groundwater .................................................... 42
Black Mesa Monitoring Program .................................. 48
Brine Deposits ................................................. 51
Connate Water .................................................. 54
Consolidated Water Bearing Rocks ............................... 55
Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination .................... 56
Water Contamination by Low Level Organic Waste Compounds
in the Hydrologie System ....................................... 60
Darcy's Law .................................................... 63
Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon ............................ 64
Groundwater Dating with H-He ................................... 65
Dating Groundwaters with Tritium ............................... 69
Recharge in Desert Regions Around The World .................... 72
Hydrologie Feasibility Assessment and Design in
Phytoremediation ............................................... 76
Well Design and Construction ................................... 87
Physical Properties of DNAPLs and Groundwater
Contamination .................................................. 91
Water Dowsing (Witching) ....................................... 92
Subsurface Drainage ............................................ 94
Drawdown ...................................................... 101
Water Level Drawdown .......................................... 102
Water Well Drilling Techniques ................................ 105
Groundwater Dye Tracing in Karst .............................. 107
Earthquakes—Rattling the Earth's Plumbing System .............. 111
In Situ Electrokinetic Treatment of MtBE, Benzene,
and Chlorinated Solvents ...................................... 116
Field Capacity ................................................ 124
Groundwater Flow Properties ................................... 128
Fluoride Contamination in Ground Water ........................ 130
Rock Fracture ................................................. 136
Geochemical Models ............................................ 138
Geochemical Modeling-Computer Codes ........................... 140
Geochemical Modeling—Computer Code Concepts ................... 142
Geological Occurrence of Groundwater .......................... 145
Geophysics and Remote Sensing ................................. 145
Geothermal Water .............................................. 156
Ghijben-Herzberg Equilibrium .................................. 158
Groundwater Balance ........................................... 162
Hydraulic Head ................................................ 169
The Role of Heat in Groundwater Systems ....................... 172
Groundwater Flow in Heterogenetic Sediments and
Fractured Rock Systems ........................................ 175
Horizontal Wells .............................................. 177
Horizontal Wells in Groundwater Remediation ................... 178
Head .......................................................... 180
Well Hydraulics and Aquifer Tests ............................. 182
Hydraulic Properties Characterization ......................... 184
Mobility of Humic Substances in Groundwater ................... 188
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in District Hardwar,
Uttaranchal, India ............................................ 192
Irrigation Water Quality in District Hardwar,
Uttaranchal, India ............................................ 204
Infiltration and Soil Water Processes ......................... 210
Infiltration/Capacity/Rates ................................... 212
Infiltrometers ................................................ 214
Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrogeology ............... 216
Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology ........................ 227
Water-Jetting Drilling Technologies for Well Installation
And In Situ Remediation of Hydrocarbons, Solvents,
and Metals .................................................... 234
Karst Hydrology ............................................... 235
Karst Topography .............................................. 243
Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr ....................... 248
Land Use Impacts on Groundwater Quality ....................... 250
Groundwater Contamination From Municipal Landfills
in the USA .................................................... 253
Metal Organic Interactions in Subtitle D Landfill Leachates
and Associated Ground Waters .................................. 258
Leaching ...................................................... 260
Well Maintenance .............................................. 263
Megawatersheds ................................................ 266
Mass Transport in Saturated Media ............................. 273
Soil and Water Contamination by Heavy Metals .................. 275
Source, Mobility, and Remediation of Metals ................... 280
Genetics of Metal Tolerance and Accumulation
in Higher Plants .............................................. 284
In Situ Groundwater Remediation for Heavy Metal
Contamination.................................................. 290
Methane in Groundwater ........................................ 293
Fossil Aquifers ............................................... 294
What is a Hydrochemical Model? ................................ 295
Modeling Non-Point Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone
Using GIS ..................................................... 299
Modeling Techniques for Solute Transport in Groundwater ....... 305
Ambient Groundwater Monitoring Network Strategies
and Design .................................................... 313
MTBE .......................................................... 318
Limiting Geochemical Factors in Remediation Using Monitored
Natural Attenuation and Enhanced Bioremediation ............... 319
Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater .......................... 322
Treatment for Nitrates in Groundwater ......................... 323
Nonpoint Sources .............................................. 331
Organic Compounds in Ground Water ............................. 337
Overdraft ..................................................... 340
Chemical Oxidation Technologies for Groundwater
Remediation ................................................... 344
Particulate Transport in Groundwater—Bacteria and Colloids .... 349
Perched Groundwater ........................................... 352
Permeability .................................................. 355
Groundwater Vulnerability to Pesticides: An Overview
of Approaches and Methods of Evaluation ....................... 357
High pH Groundwater—The Effect of The Dissolution of
Hardened Cement Pastes ........................................ 362
Phytoextraction and Phytostabilization: Technical, Economic
and Regulatory Considerations of the Soil-Lead Issue........... 365
Phytoextraction of Zinc and Cadmium from Soils Using
Hyperaccumulator Plants ....................................... 369
Phytoremediation Enhancement of Natural Attenuation
Processes ..................................................... 374
Bacteria Role in the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals ......... 376
Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soils ................... 381
Phytoremediation of Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether ............... 385
Phytoremediation of Selenium-Laden Soils ...................... 397
Soil Pipes and Pipe Flow ...................................... 401
Low Flow Groundwater Purging and Surging ...................... 404
Groundwater Quality ........................................... 406
Radial Wells .................................................. 407
Recharge in Arid Regions ...................................... 408
Sub-Surface Redox Chemistry: A Comparison of Equilibrium
and Reaction-Based Approaches ................................. 413
Regional Flow Systems ......................................... 417
Groundwater Remediation by Injection and Problem Prevention ... 421
Groundwater Remediation: In Situ Passive Methods .............. 423
Groundwater Remediation by In Situ Aeration and
Volatilization ................................................ 426
Remediation of Contaminated Soils ............................. 432
Groundwater Remediation Project Life Cycle .................... 436
Innovative Contaminated Groundwater Remediation
Technologies .................................................. 438
Resistivity Methods ........................................... 443
Risk Analysis of Buried Wastes From Electricity Generation .... 448
Groundwater Contamination from Runoff ......................... 451
Saline Seep ................................................... 453
Groundwater Sampling Techniques for Environmental
Projects ...................................................... 454
Groundwater Sampling with Passive Diffusion Samplers .......... 456
Specific Capacity ............................................. 460
Soil Water .................................................... 461
Soil and Groundwater Geochemistry and Microbiology ............ 463
Characterizing Soil Spatial Variability ....................... 465
Deep Soil-Water Movement ...................................... 471
Specific Gravity .............................................. 473
Hot Springs ................................................... 475
Squeezing Water from Rock ..................................... 477
Storage Coefficient ........................................... 480
Qanats: An Ingenious Sustainable Groundwater Resource
System ........................................................ 483
Lysimeters .................................................... 487
Steady-State Flow Aquifer Tests ............................... 491
Tidal Efficiency .............................................. 497
Combined Free and Porous Flow in the Subsurface ............... 498
Groundwater Tracing ........................................... 501
Hydraulic Conductivity/Transmissibility ....................... 507
Groundwater Flow and Transport Process ........................ 514
Reactive Transport in The Saturated Zone: Case Histories
for Permeable Reactive Barriers ............................... 518
Transport of Reactive Solute in Soil and Groundwater .......... 524
Water in The Unsaturated Zone ................................. 531
Groundwater and Vadose Zone Hydrology ......................... 533
Vadose Zone Monitoring Techniques ............................. 538
Vapor Transport in the Unsaturated Zone ....................... 543
Applications of Soil Vapor Data to Groundwater
Investigations ................................................ 548
Groundwater Velocities ........................................ 554
Viscous Flow .................................................. 555
Vulnerability Mapping of Groundwater Resources ................ 561
Water/Rocks Interaction ....................................... 566
Ground Water: Wells ........................................... 571
Well Screens .................................................. 572
Well TEST ..................................................... 574
Safe Yield of an Aquifer ...................................... 575
Specific Yield Storage Equation ............................... 576
Microbial Processes Affecting Monitored Natural
Attenuation of Contaminants in the Subsurface ................. 578
Groundwater Vulnerability to Pesticides: Statistical
Approaches .................................................... 594
Groundwater—Nature's Hidden Treasure .......................... 599
Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater
Contaminants in U.S. Streams .................................. 605
The Environmental Impact of Iron in Groundwater ............... 608
Groundwater and Cobalt: Chemical Behavior and Treatment ....... 610
Groundwater and Cadmium: Chemical Behavior and Treatment ...... 613
Groundwater Modeling .......................................... 619
Groundwater and Benzene: Chemical Behavior and Treatment ...... 626
Groundwater and Nitrate: Chemical Behavior and Treatment ...... 628
Groundwater and Perchlorate: Chemical Behavior and
Treatment ..................................................... 631
Groundwater and Vinyl Chloride: Chemical Behavior and
Treatment ..................................................... 634
Groundwater and Uranium: Chemical Behavior and
Treatment ..................................................... 640
Groundwater and Mercury: Chemical Behavior and
Treatment ..................................................... 642
Groundwater and Lead: Chemical Behavior and Treatment ......... 645
Laminar Flow .................................................. 649
Finite Element Modeling of Coupled Free and Porous Flow ....... 655
Unconfined Groundwater ........................................ 662
Modeling of DNAPL Migration in Saturated Porous Media ......... 668
The Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) for
Monitoring, Exposure, and Toxicity Assessment ................. 672
River-Connected Aquifers: Geophysics, Stratigraphy,
Hydrogeology, and Geochemistry ................................ 677
Index ......................................................... 689
Cumulative Index .............................................. 711
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