Preface ......................................................... 7
Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................... 9
1.1 Why This Study? ........................................... 10
1.2 Model of Warfare .......................................... 11
1.3 Translations .............................................. 11
1.4 Maps ...................................................... 12
Chapter 2: The Weinviertel ..................................... 14
2.1 Size and Location ......................................... 14
2.2 Topography ................................................ 15
2.3 Soil Quality and Climate .................................. 17
2.4 Results ................................................... 17
Chapter 3: History of Research ................................. 18
3.1 Institutions .............................................. 18
3.2 Relative-chronological Systems ............................ 21
3.2.1 Oscar Montelius ..................................... 21
3.2.2 Paul Reinecke ....................................... 23
3.2.3 Kurt Willvonseder ................................... 25
3.2.4 Eugen Friedrich Mayer ............................... 25
3.2.5 Horst Adler ......................................... 25
3.2.6 Eckehart Schubert ................................... 26
3.2.7 Walter Ruckdeschel .................................. 26
3.2.8 Rainer Christlein, Frauke Stein, François
Bertemes ............................................ 27
3.3 Results ................................................... 28
Chapter 4: The Early Bronze Age: The Únětice Culture and the
Věteřov Culture ..................................... 29
4.1 Absolute Chronology ....................................... 30
4.2 The Únětice Culture ....................................... 30
4.2.1 The Territory of the Únětice Culture ................ 30
4.2.2 Relative Chronology of the Únětice Culture in the
Weinviertel ......................................... 31
4.3 The Věteřov Culture ....................................... 32
4.3.1 The Territory of the Věteřov Culture ................ 32
4.3.2 Relative Chronology of the Věteřov Culture in the
Weinviertel ......................................... 32
4.4 Interaction Patterns ...................................... 33
4.5 Artifacts ................................................. 33
4.5.1 Bronze Items ........................................ 33
4.5.2 Ceramics ............................................ 34
4.5.3 Other Artifacts and Ecofacts ........................ 34
4.6 Settlements ............................................... 34
4.7 Burials ................................................... 35
4.8 Depositions ............................................... 36
4.9 The End of the Early Bronze Age ........................... 37
4.10 Results ................................................... 37
Chapter 5: Social Organization ................................. 39
5.1 Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States .......................... 40
5.2 Types of Chiefdoms and Their Archaeological Correlates .... 41
5.3 Related Concepts .......................................... 42
5.4 Results ................................................... 44
Chapter 6: Weaponry and Fortified Hilltop Settlements .......... 46
6.1 Weaponry .................................................. 47
6.1.1 Quantity ............................................ 47
6.1.2 Find Contexts ....................................... 48
6.1.3 Triangular Dagger Blades ............................ 49
6.1.4 Full-hilted Dagger .................................. 55
6.1.5 Stabdolche .......................................... 55
6.1.6 Shaft Hole Axes ..................................... 56
6.1.7 Arrowheads .......................................... 56
6.1.8 Adzes ............................................... 57
6.1.9 Lance Heads ......................................... 57
6.2 Hilltop and Fortified Hilltop Settlements ................. 57
6.3 Warrior Graves ............................................ 64
6.4 Other Possible Evidence ................................... 64
6.5 Results ................................................... 65
Chapter 7: Organization of War and Warfare ..................... 66
7.1 Introduction .............................................. 66
7.2 Peaceful Societies and Social Substitutability ............ 66
7.3 War as a Single Event and / or as a Process ............... 69
7.4 Ritual War and Warfare .................................... 70
7.5 War and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age Weinviertel ....... 71
7.5.1 Raids, Ambushes, and Battles ........................ 72
7.5.2 Participants and Leadership ......................... 72
7.5.3 Intensity ........................................... 73
7.5.4 Responses to Attacks ................................ 73
7.5.5 Motivations ......................................... 73
7.5.6 Ceremonial and Ritual Aspects ....................... 75
7.6 Results ................................................... 76
Chapter 8: Conclusion .......................................... 77
Chapter 9: Bibliography ........................................ 78
Chapter 10: Written Description of Daggers and Shaft Hole
Axes of the Weinviertel Region ..................... 92
10.1 Triangular Daggers ....................................... 92
10.2 Stabdolche .............................................. 109
10.3 Full-hilted Dagger ...................................... 110
10.4 Shaft Hole Axes ......................................... 111
Chapter 11: Plates ............................................ 113
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