1. Introduction ................................................. 9
2. Literature review ........................................... 10
2.1. General characteristic of the species and
geographical range of distribution ..................... 10
2.2. Genetic variability of Scots pine in Europe based
on provenance tests .................................... 10
2.3. Factors influencing the variability of forest trees .... 12
2.4. Study of forest tree variability with molecular
markers ................................................ 14
3. Objectives .................................................. 22
4. Materials and methods ....................................... 23
4.1. Choice of populations .................................. 23
4.2. Plant material sampling and DNA isolation .............. 30
4.3. Choice of DNA markers .................................. 31
4.3.1. General information ............................. 31
4.3.2. Amplification and detection of SSR .............. 31
4.3.3. Amplification and detection of STS .............. 34
4.4. Statistical analysis ................................... 36
5. Results ..................................................... 37
5.1. Genetic variation of Scots pine populations based
on microsatellite DNA markers .......................... 37
5.1.1. List and frequency of genotypes found in
populations ..................................... 37
5.1.2. Genetic variation of populations ................ 48
5.1.3. Significance of the genetic parameters
differentiation based on SSR markers ............ 54
5.1.4. Genetic similarity and spatial distribution
of genotypes in the provenance regions .......... 56
5.2. Genetic variation of Scots pine populations based
on mitochondrial DNA markers ........................... 67
5.2.1. List and frequency of genotypes found
in populations .................................. 67
5.2.2. Genetic variation of populations ................ 71
5.2.3. Significance of the genetic parameters
differentiation based on STS markers ............ 72
5.2.4. Genetic similarity and spatial distribution
of genotypes in the provenance regions .......... 73
6. Discussion .................................................. 84
6.1. Molecular markers as research tool in genetics ......... 84
6.2. Genetic differentiation of forest tree species
in Poland and in Europe ................................ 84
6.3. Spatial distribution of genotypes and haplotypes
of Scots pine populations .............................. 92
6.4. Application of genetic variation data in
forest practice ........................................ 95
7. Conclusions ................................................ 100
Summary (in English) .......................................... 103
Literature .................................................... 105
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