Geologic Time
1.1. Major Geochronologic and Chronostratigraphic Units ........ 1
1.2. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale ........................... 5
1.3. Geologic Distribution of Life Forms ...................... 10
1.4. Geochronologic Methods ................................... 11
1.5. Major Fossil Groups Used for Dating and Correlation of
Phanerozoic Strata in North America ...................... 17
Geologic Mapping
2.1. General Standards for Geologic Maps ...................... 23
2.2. Geologic Map Symbols ..................................... 28
2.3. Lithologic Patterns for Stratigraphic Columns and
Cross Sections ........................................... 42
2.4. U.S. Public Land Survey Grid ............................. 45
Geophysics
3.1. Physical Data About the Earth ............................ 51
3.2. Application of Geophysical Methods ....................... 59
3.3. Geophysical Well Logging Techniques ...................... 64
3.4. Use of Mohr's Circle in Geology .......................... 70
Structure
4.1. Criteria For Determining Top and Bottom of Beds .......... 73
4.2. Folds .................................................... 79
4.3. Joints and Faults ........................................ 84
4.4. Using a Brunton® Compass ................................. 88
4.5. Projection Nets .......................................... 98
4.6. Trigonometric Formulas and Functions .................... 100
4.7. Correction for Dip ...................................... 102
4.8. Conversion of Slope Angles .............................. 105
Mineralogy
5.1. Mineral Hardness and Specific Gravity ................... 109
5.2. Macroscopic Identification of Common Minerals ........... 112
5.3. Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices .................... 123
5.4. Identification of Minerals by Staining .................. 125
Igneous Rocks
6.1. Textures of Igneous Rocks ............................... 133
6.2. Estimating Percentage Composition ....................... 136
6.3. Pyroclastic Sediments and Rocks ......................... 137
6.4. IUGS Rock Classifications ............................... 143
6.5. Phase Equilibria Diagrams for Mineralogy
Petrology ............................................... 147
Volcanology
7.1. Characteristics of Fallout Tephra ....................... 153
7.2. Volcanoes ............................................... 157
Sedimentology
8.1. Graph for Determining the Size of Sedimentary
Particles ............................................... 159
8.2. Grain-size Scales ....................................... 161
8.3. Sieves for Detailed Size Analysis ....................... 164
8.4. Comparison Charts for Estimating Roundness and
Sphericity .............................................. 167
8.5. Recognizing Sequence Boundaries and Other Key
Sequence-Stratigraphic Surfaces in Siliciclastic
Rocks ................................................... 169
Sedimentary Rocks
9.1. Names for Sedimentary Rocks ............................. 175
9.2. Names for Limestones .................................... 178
Metamorphic Rocks
10.1. Descriptive Classification of Metamorphic Rocks ......... 181
10.2. Metamorphic Facies ...................................... 183
10.3. Triangular Diagrams in Petrology ........................ 186
Soils
11.1. Soil Taxonomy ........................................... 189
11.2. Checklist for Field Descriptions of Soils ............... 195
11.3. Unified Soil Classification System ...................... 198
Earthquakes
12.1. Geologic Study of Earthquake Effects .................... 201
12.2. Checklist for Earthquake Effects ........................ 206
12.3. Fault-plane Solutions of Earthquakes .................... 207
Chemistry
13.1. Periodic Table of Elements .............................. 211
13.2. Abundance of Elements ................................... 215
13.3. Abundance Of Elements In Sedimentary Rocks .............. 217
13.4. Chemical Analysis of Common Rock Types .................. 219
13.5. Crustal Abundances ...................................... 224
13.6. Profile of Continental Crust ............................ 226
Hydrology
14.1. Hydrogeology Terms ...................................... 229
14.2. Hydrogeology Equations and Calculations ................. 232
14.3. Groundwater Flow to a Well .............................. 234
14.4. Values of W(u) Corresponding to Values of u for Theis
Nonequilibrium Equation (from Wezel, 1942) .............. 238
14.5. Symbols, Units, and References for Hydrogeologic
Equations ............................................... 239
Information
15.1. Unit Conversions ........................................ 241
15.3. Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) .................. 252
15.4. Major Public Sources of Geological Information .......... 255
15.7. SI Units ................................................ 289
15.8. Electromagnetic Spectrum ................................ 291
15.9. Descriptive Terms for Megascopic Appearances of Rock
and Particle Surfaces ................................... 292
Engineering
16.1. Physical (Engineering) Properties of Rocks .............. 295
16.2. Physical Properties of Building Stones .................. 297
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