Preface ...................................................... xiii
Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty of Software ..... xv
1. Basic Concepts on Electric Circuits ......................... 1
1.1. Symbols and Units ..................................... 1
1.2. Network Variables ..................................... 1
1.2.1. Voltage and Current ........................... 1
1.2.2. Electric Power and Energy ..................... 3
1.2.3. Reference Polarity and Direction of
Voltage/Current ............................... 3
1.2.4. Passive Sign Convention ....................... 4
1.3. Circuit Elements ...................................... 5
1.3.1. Passive Elements .............................. 5
1.3.2. Active Elements ............................... 9
1.3.3. Operational Amplifier ........................ 10
1.3.4. Transistor ................................... 13
1.4. Kirchhoff's Laws ..................................... 13
1.4.1. Nodes, Branches, and Meshes/Loops ............ 14
1.4.2. Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) ................ 15
1.4.3. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) ................ 16
1.4.4. The Number of KCL/KVL Equations .............. 18
1.5. Equivalent Transformation of Sources ................. 19
1.5.1. Combination of Several Sources ............... 19
1.5.2. Voltage-Current Source Transformation ........ 21
1.5.3. Examples of Source Transformation ............ 23
1.6. Series and Parallel Connections ...................... 25
Problems ....................................................... 25
2. Resistor Circuits .......................................... 35
2.1. Combination of Resistors ............................. 35
2.1.1. Series Combination of Resistors .............. 35
2.1.2. Parallel Combination of Resistors ............ 36
2.2. Voltage/Current Divider .............................. 37
2.2.1. Voltage Divider .............................. 37
2.2.2. Current Divider .............................. 38
2.3. Д-У(П-Т) Transformation .............................. 38
2.3.1. Δ-Υ(Π-Τ) Conversion Formula .................. 39
2.3.2. Υ-Δ(Τ-Π) Conversion Formula .................. 39
2.4. Node Analysis ........................................ 40
2.4.1. Circuits Having No Dependent Sources ......... 42
2.4.2. Circuits Having Dependent Sources ............ 45
2.5. Mesh (Loop) Analysis ................................. 48
2.5.1. Circuits Having No Dependent Sources ......... 49
2.5.2. Circuits Having Dependent Sources ............ 53
2.6. Comparison of Node Analysis and Mesh Analysis ........ 56
2.7. Thevenin/Norton Equivalent Circuits .................. 63
2.8. Superposition Principle and Linearity ................ 71
2.9. OP Amp Circuits with Resistors ....................... 72
2.9.1. Inverting OP Amp Circuit ..................... 72
2.9.2. Noninverting OP Amp Circuit .................. 74
2.9.3. Voltage Follower ............................. 76
2.9.4. More Exact Analysis of OP Amp Circuits ....... 77
2.9.5. OP Amp Circuits with Positive Feedback ....... 78
2.10. Transistor Circuits .................................. 81
2.11. Loading Effect and Input/Output Resistance ........... 81
2.12. Load Line Analysis of Nonlinear Resistor Circuits .... 82
2.13. More Examples of Resistor Circuits ................... 86
Problems ....................................................... 95
3. First-Order Circuits ...................................... 111
3.1. Characteristics of Inductors and Capacitors ......... 111
3.1.1. Inductor .................................... 111
3.1.2. Capacitor ................................... 113
3.2. Series-Parallel Combination of
Inductors/Capacitors ................................ 115
3.2.1. Series-Parallel Combination of Inductors .... 115
3.2.2. Series-Parallel Combination of Capacitors ... 116
3.3. Circuit Analysis Using the Laplace Transform ........ 117
3.3.1. The Laplace Transform for a First-Order
Differential Equation ....................... 118
3.3.2. Transformed Equivalent Circuits for R, L,
and С ....................................... 119
3.4. Analysis of First-Order Circuits .................... 120
3.4.1. DC-Excited RL Circuits ...................... 120
3.4.2. DC-Excited RC Circuits ...................... 123
3.4.3. Time-Constant and Natural Responses of
First-Order Circuits ........................ 125
3.4.4. Sequential Switching ........................ 133
3.4.5. AC-Excited First-Order Circuits ............. 136
3.5. Analysis of First-Order OP Amp Circuits ............. 138
3.5.1. First-Order OP Amp Circuits with Negative
Feedback .................................... 138
3.5.2. First-Order OP Amp Circuits with Positive
Feedback .................................... 140
3.6. LRL Circuits and CRC Circuits ....................... 144
3.6.1. An LRL Circuit .............................. 144
3.6.2. A CRC Circuit ............................... 146
3.6.3. Conservation of Flux Linkage and Charge ..... 148
3.6.4. A Measure Against Violation of the
Continuity Rule on the Inductor Current ..... 148
3.7. Simulation Using PSpice and MATLAB .................. 149
3.7.1. An RC Circuit with Sequential Switching ..... 149
3.7.2. An AC-Excited RL Circuit .................... 151
3.8. Application and Design of First-Order Circuits ...... 152
Problems ...................................................... 159
4. Second-Order Circuits ..................................... 177
4.1. The Laplace Transform For Second-Order
Differential Equations .............................. 177
4.1.1. Overdamped Case with Two Distinct Real
Characteristic Roots ........................ 178
4.1.2. Critically Damped Case with Double Real
Characteristic Roots ........................ 179
4.1.3. Underdamped Case with Two Distinct
Complex Characteristic Roots ................ 179
4.1.4. Stability of a System and Location of its
Characteristic Roots ........................ 180
4.2. Analysis of Second-Order Circuits ................... 181
4.2.1. A Series RLC Circuit ........................ 181
4.2.2. A Parallel RLC Circuit ...................... 192
4.2.3. Two-Mesh/Node Circuit ....................... 198
4.2.4. Circuits Having Dependent Sources ........... 200
4.2.5. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit ................. 202
4.3. Second-Order OP Amp Circuits ........................ 203
4.4. Analogy and Duality ................................. 205
4.4.1. Analogy ..................................... 205
4.4.2. Duality ..................................... 206
4.5. Transfer Function, Impulse Response, and
Convolution ......................................... 207
4.5.1. Linear Systems .............................. 208
4.5.2. Time-Invariant Systems ...................... 208
4.5.3. The Pulse Response of a Linear Time-
Invariant System ............................ 208
4.5.4. The Input-Output Relationship of a Linear
Time-Invariant System ....................... 209
4.6. The Steady-State Response to a Sinusoidal Input ..... 211
4.7. An Example of MATLAB Analysis and PSpice
Simulation .......................................... 213
Problems ...................................................... 214
5. Magnetically Coupled Circuits ............................. 223
5.1. Self-Inductance ..................................... 223
5.2. Mutual Inductance ................................... 225
5.3. Relative Polarity of Induced Voltages and Dot
Convention .......................................... 226
5.3.1. Dot Convention and Sign of Mutual
Inductance Terms ............................ 226
5.3.2. Measurement of the Relative Winding
Direction ................................... 226
5.3.3. Measurement of Mutual Inductance ............ 227
5.3.4. Energy in Magnetically Coupled Coils ........ 228
5.4. Equivalent Models of Magnetically Coupled Coils ..... 228
5.4.1. Τ-Equivalent Circuit ........................ 229
5.4.2. Π-Equivalent Circuit ........................ 234
5.5. Ideal Transformer ................................... 237
5.6. Linear Transformer .................................. 240
5.7. Autotransformers .................................... 241
Problems ...................................................... 243
6. AC Circuits ............................................... 255
6.1. Sinusoidal Sources .................................. 255
6.2. Phasor and AC Analysis .............................. 256
6.3. AC Impedance of Passive Elements .................... 261
6.3.1. Resistor .................................... 261
6.3.2. Inductor .................................... 261
6.3.3. Capacitor ................................... 262
6.4. AC Circuit Examples ................................. 263
6.5. Instantaneous, Active, Reactive, and Complex
Power ............................................... 275
6.6. Power Factor ........................................ 278
6.7. Maximum Power Transfer - Impedance Matching ......... 283
6.8. Load Flow Calculation ............................... 285
6.9. Design and Simulation for Maximum Power Transfer .... 286
Problems ...................................................... 289
7. Three-Phase AC Circuits ................................... 299
7.1. Balanced Three-Phase Voltages ....................... 299
7.2. Power of Balanced Three-Phase Loads ................. 302
7.3. Measurement of Three-Phase Power .................... 303
7.4. Three-Phase Power System ............................ 304
7.5. Electric Shock and Grounding ........................ 310
Problems ...................................................... 313
8. Frequency Selective Circuit - Filter ...................... 319
8.1. Lowpass Filter (LPF ) ............................... 319
8.1.1. Series LR Circuit ........................... 319
8.1.2. Series RC Circuit ........................... 320
8.2. Highpass Filter (HPF) ............................... 321
8.2.1. Series CR Circuit ........................... 321
8.2.2. Series RL Circuit ........................... 321
8.3. Bandpass Filter (BPF) ............................... 322
8.3.1. Series RLC Circuit and Series Resonance ..... 322
8.3.2. Parallel RLC Circuit and Parallel
Resonance ................................... 326
8.4. Bandstop Filter (BSF) ............................... 329
8.4.1. Series RLC Circuit .......................... 329
8.4.2. Parallel RLC Circuit ........................ 332
8.5. Active Filter ....................................... 333
8.5.1. First-Order Active Filter ................... 333
8.5.2. Second-Order Active LPF/HPF ................. 334
8.5.3. Second-Order Active BPF ..................... 336
8.5.4. Second-Order Active BSF ..................... 337
8.6. Analog Filter Design ................................ 341
Problems ...................................................... 354
9. Circuits Analysis Using Fourier Series .................... 373
9.1. Fourier Series ...................................... 373
9.2. Computation of Fourier Coefficients Using
Symmetry ............................................ 375
9.3. Circuit Analysis Using Fourier Series ............... 379
9.4. Fourier Series and Laplace Transform ................ 387
9.5. RMS Value and Power of a Nonsinusoidal Periodic
Signal .............................................. 393
9.5.1. RMS Value and Distortion Factor of a
Nonsinusoidal Periodic Signal ............... 393
9.5.2. Power and Power Factor of a Nonsinusoidal
Periodic Signal ............................. 394
Problems ...................................................... 395
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