Preface ................................................... IX
1 Introduction ............................................... 7
1.1 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites ........................... 5
1.2 Elementary Consequences of Small Particle Size ............ 11
1.2.1 Surface of Nanoparticles ............................ 11
1.2.2 Thermal Phenomena ................................... 12
1.2.3 Diffusion Scaling Law ............................... 13
References ................................................ 19
2 Surfaces in Nanomaterials ................................. 21
2.1 General Considerations .................................... 21
2.2 Surface Energy ............................................ 23
2.3 Some Technical Consequences of Surface Energy ............. 33
References ................................................ 40
3 Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles .................... 47
3.1 Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles ........................... 41
3.2 Heat Capacity of Nanoparticles ............................ 42
3.3 Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles .................... 45
3.4 Phase Transformation and Coagulation ...................... 54
3.5 Structures of Nanoparticles ............................... 55
3.6 A Closer Look at Nanoparticle Melting ..................... 60
3.7 Structural Fluctuations ................................... 64
References ................................................ 69
4 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles ...................... 71
4.1 Fundamental Considerations ................................ 71
4.2 Inert Gas Condensation Process ............................ 78
4.3 Physical and Chemical Vapor Synthesis Processes ........... 79
4.4 Laser Ablation Process .................................... 83
4.5 The Microwave Plasma Process .............................. 86
4.6 Flame Aerosol Process ..................................... 92
4.7 Synthesis of Coated Particles ............................ 103
References ............................................... 108
5 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles ..................... 109
5.1 Magnetic Materials ....................................... 109
5.2 Superparamagnetic Materials .............................. 113
5.3 Susceptibility and Related Phenomena in
Superparamagnets ......................................... 125
5.4 Applications of Superparamagnetic Materials .............. 132
5.5 Exchange-Coupled Magnetic Nanomaterials .................. 136
References ............................................... 143
6 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles ...................... 145
6.1 General Remarks .......................................... 145
6.2 Adjustment of the Index of Refraction .................... 145
6.3 Optical Properties Related to Quantum Confinement ........ 149
6.4 Quantum Dots and Other Lumophores ........................ 161
6.5 Metallic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles in
Transparent Matrices ..................................... 169
6.6 Special Luminescent Nanocomposites ....................... 180
6.7 Electroluminescence ...................................... 188
6.8 Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials ................ 194
6.8.1 General Considerations ............................. 194
6.8.2 Photochromic Materials ............................. 195
6.8.3 Electrochromic Materials ........................... 200
6.9 Magneto-optic Applications ............................... 204
References ............................................... 207
7 Electrical Properties of Nanoparticles ................... 211
7.1 Fundamentals of Electrical Conductivity in Nanotubes
and Nanorods ............................................. 212
7.2 Carbon Nanotubes ......................................... 216
7.3 Photoconductivity of Nanorods ............................ 222
7.4 Electrical Conductivity of Nanocomposites ................ 225
References ............................................... 230
8 Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticles ................... 233
8.1 General Considerations ................................... 233
8.2 Bulk Metallic and Ceramic Materials ...................... 236
8.2.1 Influence of Porosity .............................. 236
8.2.2 Influence of Grain Size ............................ 238
8.2.3 Superplasticity .................................... 251
8.3 Filled Polymer Composites ................................ 253
8.3.1 Particle-Filled Polymers ........................... 253
8.3.2 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites Filled with
Platelets .......................................... 257
8.3.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites ................... 262
References ............................................... 266
9 Nanofluids ............................................... 267
9.1 Definition ............................................... 267
9.1.1 Nanofluids for Improved Heat Transfer .............. 267
9.2 Ferrofluids .............................................. 270
9.2.1 General Considerations ............................. 270
9.2.2 Properties of Ferrofluids .......................... 271
9.2.3 Applications of Ferrofluids ........................ 272
References ............................................... 277
10 Nanotubes, Nanorods, and Nanoplates ...................... 279
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 279
10.1.1 Conditions for the Formation of Rods and Plates ... 283
10.1.2 Layered Structures ................................ 285
10.1.3 One-Dimensional Crystals .......................... 286
10.2 Nanostructures Related to Compounds with Layered
Structures ............................................... 288
10.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes .................................. 288
10.2.2 Nanotubes and Nanorods from Materials other than
Carbon ............................................ 300
10.2.3 Synthesis of Nanotubes and Nanorods ............... 303
References ............................................... 311
11 Characterization of Nanomaterials ........................ 313
11.1 Global Methods for Characterization ...................... 323
11.1.1 Specific Surface Area ............................. 313
11.2 X-Ray and Electron Diffraction ........................... 319
11.3 Electron Microscopy ...................................... 327
11.3.1 General Considerations ............................ 327
11.3.2 Interaction of the Electron Beam and Specimen ..... 331
11.3.3 Localized Chemical Analysis in the Electron
Microscope ........................................ 334
11.3.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy using
a High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (HAADF)
Detector .......................................... 340
References ............................................... 342
Index .................................................... 343
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