Preface ...................................................... XIII
Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................... 1
1.1. Overview of UWB ............................................ 1
1.2. Advantages of UWB .......................................... 3
1.3. UWB Applications ........................................... 4
1.4. UWB Transmission Schemes ................................... 5
1.5. Challenges for UWB ......................................... 7
Chapter 2. Channel Characteristics .............................. 9
2.1. Large-Scale Models ........................................ 10
2.1.1. Path Loss Models ................................... 10
2.1.2. Shadowing .......................................... 11
2.2. Small-Scale Models ........................................ 12
2.2.1. Tap-Delay-Line Fading Model ........................ 13
2.2.2. Δ - К Model ........................................ 14
2.2.3. Saleh-Valenzuela Model ............................. 15
2.2.4. Standard UWB Channel Model ......................... 16
Chapter 3. UWB: Single-Band Approaches ......................... 19
3.1. Overview of Single-Band Approaches ........................ 20
3.2. Modulation Techniques ..................................... 21
3.2.1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation ......................... 21
3.2.2. On-Off Keying ...................................... 22
3.2.3. Phase Shift Keying ................................. 22
3.2.4. Pulse Position Modulation .......................... 23
3.3. Multiple Access Techniques ................................ 23
3.3.1. Time-Hopping UWB ................................... 24
3.3.2. Direct-Sequence UWB ................................ 25
3.4. Demodulation Techniques ................................... 26
3.4.1. Received Signal Model .............................. 26
3.4.2. Correlation Receiver ............................... 27
3.4.3. RAKE Receiver ...................................... 28
3.5. M1MO Single-Band UWB ...................................... 30
3.5.1. M1MO Space-Time-Coded Systems ...................... 30
3.5.2. Space-Time-Coded UWB Systems ....................... 32
3.6. Performance Analysis ...................................... 37
3.6.1. TH-BPPM ............................................ 38
3.6.2. TH-BPSK ............................................ 41
3.6.3. DS-BPSK ............................................ 42
3.7. Simulation Results ........................................ 44
3.8. Chapter Summary ........................................... 51
Chapter 4. UWB: Multiband OFDM Approach ........................ 53
4.1. Overview of Multiband OFDM Approach ....................... 54
4.1.1. Fundamental Concepts ............................... 54
4.1.2. Signal Model ....................................... 56
4.2. IEEE 802.15.3a WPAN Standard Proposal ..................... 57
4.2.1. OFDM Parameters .................................... 57
4.2.2. Rate-Dependent Parameters .......................... 58
4.2.3. Operating Band Frequencies ......................... 59
4.2.4. Channelization ..................................... 60
4.3. Physical Layer Design ..................................... 61
4.3.1. Scrambler and De-scrambler ......................... 62
4.3.2. Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder .......... 62
4.3.3. Bit Interleaver and De-interleaver ................. 63
4.3.4. Constellation Mapper ............................... 67
4.3.5. OFDM Modulation .................................... 67
4.4. MAC Layer Design .......................................... 69
4.4.1. Network Topology ................................... 69
4.4.2. Frame Architecture ................................. 71
4.4.3. Network Operations ................................. 72
4.5. Chapter Summary ........................................... 73
Chapter 5. MIMO Multiband OFDM ................................. 75
5.1. M1MO-OFDM Communications .................................. 76
5.2. MIMO Multiband OFDM System Model .......................... 78
5.2.1. Transmitter Description ............................ 78
5.2.2. Channel Model ...................................... 80
5.2.3. Receiver Processing ................................ 80
5.3. Performance Analysis ...................................... 82
5.3.1. Independent Fading ................................. 83
5.3.2. Correlated Fading .................................. 86
5.4. Simulation Results ........................................ 89
5.5. Chapter Summary ........................................... 94
Chapter 6. Performance Characterization ........................ 97
6.1. System Model .............................................. 98
6.2. Performance Analysis ...................................... 99
6.2.1. Average PEP Analysis .............................. 100
6.2.2. Approximate PEP Formulation ....................... 102
6.2.3. Outage Probability ................................ 106
6.3. Analysis for MIMO Multiband OFDM Systems ................. 110
6.3.1. MIMO Multiband OFDM System Model .................. 110
6.3.2. Pairwise Error Probability ........................ 111
6.3.3. Example: Repetition STF Coding Based on
Alamouti's Structure .............................. 113
6.4. Simulation Results ....................................... 114
6.5. Chapter Summary .......................................... 120
Chapter 7. Performance Under Practical Considerations ......... 121
7.1. System Model ............................................. 122
7.2. Average Signal-to-Noise Ratio ............................ 124
7.2.1. Expressions of Fading Term ICI and ISI ............ 124
7.2.2. Variances of Fading Term ICI and ISI ............ 127
7.2.3. Average Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Performance
Degradation ....................................... 132
7.3. Average Bit Error Rate ................................... 132
7.3.1. Overall Spreading Gain of 1 ....................... 134
7.3.2. Overall Spreading Gain of 2 ....................... 136
7.3.3. Overall Spreading Gain of 4 ....................... 137
7.4. Performance Bound ........................................ 140
7.5. Numerical and Simulation Results ......................... 143
7.5.1. Numerical Results ................................. 143
7.5.2. Simulation and Numerical Results .................. 145
7.6. Chapter Summary .......................................... 147
Appendix: Derivations of A1, A2, B1 and B2 .................... 148
A.1. Derivation of A1 and A2 ............................. 149
A.2. Derivation of B1 and B2 ............................. 151
Chapter 8. Differential Multiband OFDM ........................ 155
8.1. Differential Modulation .................................. 156
8.1.1. Single-Antenna Systems ............................ 156
8.1.2. MIMO Systems ...................................... 157
8.2. Differential Scheme for Multiband OFDM Systems ........... 159
8.2.1. System Model ...................................... 159
8.2.2. Differential Encoding and Transmitting Signal
Structure ......................................... 160
8.2.3. Multiband Differential Decoding ................... 162
8.3. Pairwise Error Probability ............................... 163
8.4. Simulation Results ....................................... 166
8.5. Chapter Summary .......................................... 169
Chapter 9. Power-Controlled Channel Allocation ................ 171
9.1. System Model ............................................. 172
9.2. Power-Controlled Channel Allocation Scheme ............... 174
9.2.1. Generalized SNR for Various Transmission Modes .... 175
9.2.2. PER and Rate Constraint ........................... 176
9.2.3. Problem Formulation ............................... 177
9.2.4. Subband Assignment and Power Allocation
Algorithm ......................................... 178
9.2.5. Joint Rate Assignment and Resource Allocation
Algorithm ......................................... 179
9.3. Simulation Results ....................................... 182
9.3.1. Subband Assignment and Power Allocation ........... 182
9.3.2. Joint Rate Assignment and Resource Allocation ..... 185
9.4. Chapter Summary .......................................... 186
Chapter 10.Cooperative UWB Multiband OFDM ..................... 189
10.1.Cooperative Communications ............................... 190
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