Preface ......................................................... v
1. Introduction ................................................ 1
2. Refractive Elements ........................................ 11
2.1. Optics Review ........................................ 11
2.2. Fabrication Methods .................................. 22
2.3. Comparison and Analysis .............................. 47
Appendix A. Lenses Derived from Surface Tension ............ 56
Appendix B. Ray-Trace Algorithm ............................ 61
3. Gradient Index ............................................. 69
3.1. Introduction ......................................... 69
3.2. Optical Theory ....................................... 70
3.3. Planar Lens .......................................... 79
3.4. Methods of Fabrication ............................... 85
3.5. Analysis and Comparison ............................. 116
4. Diffractive Element Lenses ................................ 129
4.1. Diffraction Theory Review ........................... 129
4.2. Methods of Fabrication .............................. 140
4.3. Analysis ............................................ 155
5. Erect One-to-One Imaging .................................. 165
5.1. Introduction ........................................ 165
5.2. Optics of One-to-One Erect Imaging .................. 168
5.3. Device Applications ................................. 175
5.4. Resolution/Contrast ................................. 179
5.5. Radiometry .......................................... 188
5.6. Further Aspects of Fabrication ...................... 198
6. Two-Dimensional Arrays .................................... 203
6.1. Introduction ........................................ 203
6.2. Applications ........................................ 204
6.3. Two-Dimensional Arrays .............................. 227
Appendix A. Gaussian Beam Imaging ......................... 249
7. Gratings .................................................. 257
7.1. Introduction ........................................ 257
7.2. Types of Diffraction Gratings ....................... 259
7.3. Fabrication of Microgratings ........................ 265
7.4. Applications ........................................ 295
Appendix A. "Derivation of Kramers-Kronig Relation" ....... 308
8. Optical Isolators ......................................... 317
8.1. Background .......................................... 317
8.2. Polarizers .......................................... 321
8.3. Waveplates .......................................... 334
8.4. Beam Separators ..................................... 337
8.5. Faraday Effect ...................................... 342
8.6. Actual Optical Isolator Structures .................. 349
Appendix A. Jones Matrix .................................. 360
9. Photonic Crystals ......................................... 365
9.1. Background and Introduction ......................... 365
9.2. Frequency vs. k Diagrams ............................ 371
9.3. Structures .......................................... 375
9.4. Photonic Crystal Fibers ............................. 381
9.5. Fabrication Techniques .............................. 398
9.6. Applications ........................................ 407
9.7. Optical Fibers ...................................... 416
Appendix A. Mathematical Framework ........................ 432
10. Femtosecond-Laser Interaction in Glasses .................. 439
10.1. Introduction ........................................ 439
10.2. General Theory of Optical Damage in Solids .......... 441
10.3. Ultra-short Laser Pulse Ablation .................... 443
10.4. Induced Refractive Index ............................ 450
10.5. Physical Mechanism for Index Change ................. 454
10.6. Device Applications ................................. 461
10.7. Interaction with Crystals ........................... 476
Appendix A ................................................ 478
11. Negative Refractive Index Materials ....................... 489
11.1. Background .......................................... 489
11.2. Effect of Magnetic Permeability ..................... 492
11.3. Negative Refractive Index ........................... 492
11.4. Negative Index Materials ............................ 494
11.5. Methods of Producing Negative Refractive Index
Behavior ............................................ 497
11.6. Applications ........................................ 507
Appendix A. Negative Effective Refractive Index ........... 518
Index ......................................................... 523
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