1 Introduction ................................................. 1
2 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics ............................ 5
2.1 Line, Band and Continuous Spectra Bohr's Atomic
Theory ................................................. 6
2.2 Wave-Particle Dualism and Wave Mechanics .............. 11
2.2.1 Rigid Rotors .................................... 13
2.2.2 Harmonic Oscillator ............................. 16
2.2.3 Anharmonic Oscillator ........................... 20
2.3 Exercise .............................................. 23
3 Introduction to Statistical Mechanics ....................... 25
3.1 Bose, Boltzmann and Fermi Statistics .................. 28
3.2 Thermodynamic Properties .............................. 33
3.2.1 Contribution of Translational Energy ............ 36
3.2.2 Contribution of Rotational and Vibrational
Energy Forms .................................... 38
3.2.3 Contribution of Electronic Energy ............... 49
3.2.4 Sample Calculations ............................. 50
3.3 Distribution of Energy Levels ......................... 52
3.4 Exercise .............................................. 57
4 Radiative Properties of High Temperature Gases .............. 59
4.1 Basic Concepts and Laws ............................... 59
4.2 Gas Radiation and Equation of Energy Transfer ......... 68
4.3 Radiative Characteristics for Ionized Gases ........... 84
4.4 Evaluation of Radiation ............................... 94
4.5 Exercise ............................................. 101
5 Collision Processes for High Temperature Gases ............. 103
5.1 Dynamics of Binary Collision ......................... 103
5.2 Collision Cross-Section .............................. 108
5.2.1 Collision Between Neutrals ..................... 108
5.2.2 Collision Between Electrons and Neutrals ....... 114
5.2.3 Ion-Neutral Collision .......................... 117
5.2.4 Charged Particle Collision ..................... 119
5.3 Collision Frequency, Mean Free Path .................. 122
5.4 Reaction Rates and Vibrational and Temperature
Nonequilibrium ....................................... 125
5.5 Exercise ............................................. 134
6 Equilibrium Composition of a Reacting Gas Mixture .......... 135
6.1 Vant' Hoff Model of Chemical Reaction ................ 136
6.2 Heat of Reaction ..................................... 139
6.3 Properties of Mixture of Gases ....................... 141
6.4 Equilibrium Composition of an Ideal Dissociating
Diatomic Gas ......................................... 142
6.5 Equilibrium Composition for a Multiple Component
Gas .................................................. 147
6.6 Equilibrium Composition for a Pure Monatomic Gas
Plasma ............................................... 152
6.7 Equilibrium Composition of a Multiple Temperature
Gas Plasma ........................................... 158
6.8 Temperature Derivatives of Equilibrium Gas
Mixtures ............................................. 162
6.9 Effect of Radiation .................................. 165
6.10 Exercise ............................................. 166
7 Transport Properties of High Temperature Gases ............. 167
7.1 Motion of a Singly-Charged Particle in
Electromagnetic Fields ............................... 167
7.2 Collision-Dominated Ionized Gas ...................... 172
7.3 Diffusion, Ambi-polar Diffusion and Mobility ......... 177
7.4 Viscosity, Heat Conductivity and Electrical
Conductivity ......................................... 183
7.5 Diffusion and Radiative Heat Conduction .............. 188
7.6 Effect of Magnetic Field on the Transport
Properties of Ionized Gases .......................... 191
7.7 Transport Properties of an Ideal Dissociating Gas .... 194
7.8 Exercise ............................................. 196
8 Boundary Effects for High Temperature Gases ................ 197
8.1 Emission of Electrons and Ions ....................... 197
8.2 One-Dimensional Sheath Effects ....................... 204
8.3 Heat Transfer ........................................ 212
9 Production of High Temperature Gases ....................... 217
9.1 Thermodynamic Charts for Air Plasma .................. 219
9.2 Isentropic Flow in a Nozzle .......................... 220
9.3 Gas State After a Shock .............................. 223
9.4 Vibrational Relaxation Effects in Gas Dynamics ....... 226
9.5 Electrical Breakdown in Gases ........................ 230
9.6 High Frequency Discharges ............................ 239
10 Diagnostic Techniques ...................................... 241
10.1 Temperature Measurement-Probe Method ................. 243
10.2 Temperature Measurement-Spectroscopical Methods ...... 247
10.3 Temperature Measurement-Interferometric Methods ...... 254
10.4 Velocity Measurement by Laser-Doppler Velocimeter .... 256
10.5 Exercise ............................................. 257
11 High Temperature Gas Dynamics .............................. 259
11.1 Basic Equations ...................................... 259
11.2 Magneto- and Electromagneto-gas-dynamic
Approximations ....................................... 273
11.3 Wave Propagation ..................................... 278
12 Some Practical Examples .................................... 283
12.1 Magneto-gas-dynamic Waves and Shocks ................. 283
12.2 Arc Plasma Flow in a Tube ............................ 288
12.3 Impinging Plasma Jet ................................. 295
12.4 Particle-Plasma Interaction .......................... 297
12.4.1 Drag and Heat Transfer ........................ 299
12.4.2 Internal Conduction ........................... 305
12.4.3 Low Pressure Effects .......................... 305
12.4.4 Particle Charging Effect ...................... 305
12.4.5 Fluctuating Velocity and Temperature .......... 306
12.5 A Transverse Blown Arc ............................... 307
12.6 Magneto-gas-dynamic Flow Inside Ducts ................ 311
12.7 MGD Power Generation or Gas Acceleration ............. 314
12.8 Plasma Manufacturing and Processing .................. 320
12.9 Weakly Ionized Plasma ................................ 323
12.10 Exercise ............................................. 323
A Statistical Weights and Energy (cm-1) for Selected Atoms
and Molecules .............................................. 325
В Enthalpy (MJ / kmol) for Different Gases
(1MJ = 1 Mega Joule) ....................................... 337
С Entropy (MJ / kmol) for Different Gases
(1MJ = 1 Mega Joule) ....................................... 339
References .................................................... 341
List of Symbols ............................................... 347
Index ......................................................... 355
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