Preface ....................................................................... xxi Foreword .................................................................... xxiii Alkali Metal Cations in Biochemistry ............................................ 1 Yoshiyaki Kobuke, Shin-ichi Kugimiya Alkalides and Electrides ....................................................... 12 James L. Dye The Allosteric Effect .......................................................... 20 Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky Amide- and Urea-Based Anion Receptors .......................................... 31 Philip A. Gale Amino Acids: Applications ...................................................... 42 Arindam Banerjee Anion-Directed Assembly ........................................................ 51 Ramon Vilar Annulenes ...................................................................... 59 Michael J. Marsella Anticrowns ..................................................................... 68 Vladimir B. Shur, Irina A. Tikhonova Artificial Enzymes ............................................................. 76 Jun-ichi Kikuchi, Hiroki Kondo Aurophilic Interactions ........................................................ 82 Antonio Laguna, Eduardo J. Fernandez, Jose M. Lopez-de-Luzuriaga Biological Ligands ............................................................. 88 Andrew Hinton, Paul Taylor, Malcolm D. Walkinshaw Biological Models and Their Characteristics ................................... 101 Paolo Scrimin, Paolo Tecilla Biomaterials .................................................................. 110 Judith R. Meakin Biosensors .................................................................... 115 Jun-ichi Anzai Bond-Stretch Isomerism ........................................................ 120 Gerard Parkin Brillouin Scattering .......................................................... 129 Claude Ecolivet Calixarenes and Their Analogues: Cation Complexation .......................... 137 Anthony W. Coleman, Adina N. Lazar, Eric Da Silva Calixarenes and Their Analogues: Molecular Complexation ....................... 145 Ivan Stibor, Pavel Lhotak Calixarenes: Synthesis and Historical Perspectives ............................ 153 C. David Gutsche The Cambridge Structural Database ............................................. 161 Frank H. Allen, Karen J. Lipscomb Carbohydrates, Recognition of ................................................. 169 Arne Lutzen Carbonic Anhydrase Models ..................................................... 178 Tohru Koike, Eiichi Kimura Carboxypeptidase A ............................................................ 183 Shinji Sueda, Hiroki Kondo Carcerands and Hemicarcerands ................................................. 189 Bruce C. Gibb Catalytic Antibodies .......................................................... 193 Kim D. Janda, Da-Wei Chen Catenanes and Other Interlocked Molecules ..................................... 206 Alexander Rang, Christoph A. Schalley Cation-π Interactions ......................................................... 214 Dennis A. Dougherty Cavitands ..................................................................... 219 Bruce C. Gibb Channel Inclusion Compounds ................................................... 223 Maria Gdaniec Chemical Topology ............................................................. 229 David B. Amabilino Chiral Guest Recognition ...................................................... 236 Anthony P. Davis Chiral Induction .............................................................. 245 David B. Amabilino, Jaume Veciana Classical Descriptions of Inclusion Compounds ................................. 253 Yuri Alexseevich Dyadin (Deceased), Irina Sergeevna Terekhova Classification and Nomenclature of Supramolecular Compounds ................... 261 Edwin Weber Clathrate Hydrates ............................................................ 274 John A. Ripmeester, Christopher I. Ratcliffe, Konstantin A. Udachin Clathrate Hydrates: Occurrence, Uses, and Problems ............................ 281 Christopher I. Ratcliffe, John A. Ripmeester Clathrate Inclusion Compounds, Phase Transitions in ........................... 289 Takasuke Matsuo Collagens ..................................................................... 295 Jean-Yves Exposito Complexation of Fullerenes .................................................... 302 Colin L. Raston Concave Reagents .............................................................. 311 Ulrich Liming Concepts in Crystal Engineering ............................................... 319 Andrew D. Burrows Crown Ethers .................................................................. 326 George W. Gokel Cryptands ..................................................................... 334 Bernard Dietrich Cryptophanes: Molecular Containers ............................................ 340 K. Travis Holman Crystal Deconstruction ........................................................ 349 Fabrizia Grepioni, Dario Braga Crystal Engineering with Hydrogen Bonds ....................................... 357 Dario Braga, Fabrizia Grepioni Crystal Growth Mechanisms ..................................................... 364 Nicholas Blagden Crystal Structure Prediction .................................................. 371 Sarah L. Price Crystalline Microporous Silicas ............................................... 380 Hermann Gies, Bernd Marler Cucurbituril, Its Homologues, and Derivatives ................................. 390 Kimoon Kim, Hee-Joon Kim Cyclodextrins ................................................................. 398 Jуzsef Szejtli Cyclodextrins: Applications ................................................... 405 Jуzsef Szejtli Cyclophanes: Definition and Scope ............................................. 414 Carlo Thilgen, Vladimir A. Azov Cyclophanes: Endoacidic, Endobasic, and Endolipophilic Cavities ............... 424 Andrew C. Benniston Dendrimers .................................................................... 432 Charles N. Moorefield, George R. Newkome, Amaresh Mishra Deoxycholic, Cholic, and Apocholic Acids ...................................... 441 Mikiji Miyata, Kazuki Sada, Nungruethai Yoswathananont The Diphenylmethane Moiety .................................................... 452 Antonio Garcia Martinez, Jose Osio Barcina Disorder and Diffuse Scattering ............................................... 457 T. Richard Welberry DNA as a Supramolecular Scaffold .............................................. 467 Alexandra L. Pickering, Leroy Cronin DNA Nanotechnology ............................................................ 475 Nadrian C. Seeman Drug Delivery ................................................................. 484 Saad A.M. Ali Drug Design ................................................................... 490 Chung F. Wong, J. Andrew McCammon Dye Inclusion Crystals ........................................................ 497 Bart Kahr, Sei-Hum Jang Electrochemical Sensors ....................................................... 505 James H.R. Tucker Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy .................................. 520 Gunnar Jeschke Emergence of Life ............................................................. 528 Pall Thordarson Energy and Electron Transfer in Supramolecular Systems ........................ 535 Jonathan L. Sessler, Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah, Muhunthan Sathiosatham Enzyme Mimics ................................................................. 546 Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky Enzymes: Characteristics and Mechanisms ....................................... 554 Nicholas C. Price, Adrian J. Lapthorn Fluorescence Sensing of Anions ................................................ 566 Kihang Choi, Andrew D. Hamilton Fluorescent Sensors ........................................................... 572 A.Prasanna de Silva, Gareth D. McClean, Thomas S. Moody Fullerenes as Encapsulating Hosts: Preparation, Detection, and Structures of Endohedral Fullerenes ........................................... 579 Alan L. Balch Gels .......................................................................... 586 Jan H. van Esch, Ben L. Feringa Glycoluril-Based Hosts ........................................................ 597 Johannes A.A.W. Elemans, Alan E. Rowan, Roeland J.M. Nolte Gossypol ...................................................................... 606 Bakhtiyar T. Ibragimov, Samat A. Talipov Guanidinium-Based Anion Receptors ............................................. 615 Eric V. Anslyn, Suzanne L. Tobey Halogen Bonding ............................................................... 628 Pierangelo Metrangolo, Giuseppe Resnati Hemoglobins: O2 Uptake and Transport .......................................... 636 J.Timothy Sage Hofmann-Type Clathrates ....................................................... 645 Toschitake Iwamoto Homocalixarenes ............................................................... 649 Peter J. Cragg Hydrogen Bonding .............................................................. 658 Gautam R. Desiraju Hydrogen Bonds to Metals and Metal Hydrides ................................... 666 Robert H. Crabtree Hydrophobic Effects ........................................................... 673 Hans-Jorg Schneider Hydroquinone .................................................................. 679 Thomas C.W. Mak, Chi-Keung Lam Imaging and Targeting ......................................................... 687 Stephen Faulkner, Rebecca J. Aarons Inclusion Compounds: Selectivity, Thermal Stability, and Kinetics ............. 696 Luigi R. Nassimbeni Inclusion Reactions and Polymerization ........................................ 705 Mikiji Miyata Incommensurate and Commensurate Structures .................................... 712 Kenneth D.M. Harris Induced Fit ................................................................... 717 Yu Liu, Li Li, Heng-Yi Zhang Inelastic Neutron Scattering .................................................. 727 Marc Bee Interpenetration .............................................................. 735 Stuart R. Batten Ion Channels and Their Models ................................................. 742 Karycia D.D. Mitchell, Thomas M. Fyles Ion-Selective Electrodes ...................................................... 747 Yoshio Umezawa Ionic, Dipolar, and Interfacial Processes ..................................... 753 Gyan P. Johari Ionophores .................................................................... 760 Riccardo Ferdani, George W. Gokel Isostructurality of Inclusion Compounds ....................................... 767 Mino R. Caira Kinetics of Complexation ...................................................... 776 Donal H. Macartney Lariat Ethers ................................................................. 782 George W. Gokel Layered Supramolecular Solids and Their Intercalates .......................... 791 George K.H. Shimizu Light Scattering .............................................................. 799 Robin E. Westacott, Carolyn A. Koh Liquid Clathrates ............................................................. 804 Scott K. Spear, John D. Holbrey, Robin D. Rogers The Lock and Key Principle .................................................... 809 Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky Luminescent Materials ......................................................... 816 Suning Wang, Corey Seward Luminescent Probes ............................................................ 821 Dmitri B. Papkovsky, Tomas C. O'Riordan Macrocycle Synthesis .......................................................... 830 Bernard Dietrich Mesoporous Materials .......................................................... 845 Sheng Dai, Craig E. Barnes Mesoporous Silica and Silica-Organic Hybrids .................................. 852 Abdelhamid Sayari Micelles and Vesicles ......................................................... 861 Raoul Zana Mineralomimetic Structures .................................................... 868 Toschitake Iwamoto