Chapter 1 GIS Applications Learning Objective ................................................... 2 Major Topics ......................................................... 2 List of Chapter Acronyms ............................................. 2 Introduction ......................................................... 2 What Are GIS Applications? ........................................... 3 History of GIS Applications .......................................... 4 4M Applications ...................................................... 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of GIS Applications ..................... 6 Advantages ...................................................... 7 GIS Applications Save Time and Money ....................... 7 GIS Applications Are Critical to Sustaining GIS Departments ........................................... 7 GIS Applications Provide the Power of Integration .......... 8 GIS Applications Offer a Decision Support Framework ........ 8 GIS Applications Provide Effective Communication Tools ..... 9 GIS Applications Are Numerous .............................. 9 Disadvantages .................................................. 12 Success Stories ..................................................... 13 San Diego ...................................................... 13 Boston ......................................................... 13 Cincinnati ..................................................... 13 Knoxville ...................................................... 14 Dover .......................................................... 14 Charlotte ...................................................... 14 Albany County .................................................. 14 GIS Applications Around the World .............................. 15 Evolving GIS Applications and Trends ................................ 15 Future Applications and Trends ...................................... 16 GIS Application Development Procedure ............................... 19 Application Programming ............................................. 20 GIS-Based Approach ............................................. 20 GIS Customization ......................................... 20 Scripting ................................................. 20 Extensions ................................................ 21 External Programs ......................................... 23 Application-Based Approach ..................................... 24 Useful Web Sites .................................................... 24 Chapter Summary ..................................................... 24 Chapter Questions ................................................... 25 Chapter 2 Needs Analysis Learning Objective .................................................. 28 Major Topics ........................................................ 28 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 28 Ocean County's Strategic Plan ....................................... 28 Introduction ........................................................ 28 Needs Analysis Steps ................................................ 29 Step 1. Stakeholder Identification ............................. 30 Step 2. Stakeholder Communication .............................. 30 Introductory Seminar ................................... 31 Work Sessions and Focus Groups ......................... 31 Interviews ............................................. 31 Step 3. Resource Inventory ..................................... 32 Step 4. Need Priorities ........................................ 33 Step 5. System Design .......................................... 33 Data Conversion (Mapping) .............................. 33 Database ............................................... 34 Software Selection ..................................... 36 Hardware Selection ..................................... 37 User Interface ......................................... 38 Step 6. Pilot Project .......................................... 40 Step 7. Implementation Plan .................................... 41 Step 8. Final Presentation ..................................... 43 Needs Analysis Examples ............................................. 43 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ....................................... 43 Borough of Ramsey, New Jersey .................................. 44 The City of Bloomington, Indiana ............................... 45 San Mateo County, California ................................... 45 Chapter Summary ..................................................... 45 Chapter Questions ................................................... 46 Chapter 3 Remote Sensing Applications Learning Objective .................................................. 48 Major Topics ........................................................ 48 List of Chapter Acronyms ............................................ 48 Albany County's Remote Sensing Application .......................... 48 Introduction ........................................................ 49 Remote Sensing Applications ......................................... 51 Remote Sensing Satellites ........................................... 52 Spatial Resolution .................................................. 53 Low-Resolution Satellite Data .................................. 53 Medium-Resolution Satellite Data ............................... 54 High-Resolution Satellite Data ................................. 56 High-Resolution Satellites ................................ 56 High-Resolution Imagery Applications ...................... 58 Data Sources ................................................... 59 Digital Orthophotos ................................................. 59 USGS Digital Orthophotos ....................................... 60 Case Study: Draping DOQQ Imagery on DEM Data .............. 62 Examples of Remote Sensing Applications ............................. 62 LULC Classification ............................................ 62 Soil Moisture Mapping .......................................... 65 Estimating Meteorological Data ................................. 66 Geographic Imaging and Image Processing Software .................... 66 ERDAS Software Products ........................................ 66 ERDAS Software Application Example ........................ 68 Arc View Image Analysis Extension .............................. 69 MrSID .......................................................... 69 PCI Geomatics .................................................. 70 Blue Marble Geographics ........................................ 71 Future Directions ................................................... 72 Useful Web Sites .................................................... 73 Chapter Summary ..................................................... 73 Chapter Questions ................................................... 73 Chapter 4 DEM Applications Learning Objective .................................................. 76 Major Topics ........................................................ 76 List of Chapter Acronyms ............................................ 76 Hydrologic Modeling of the Buffalo Bayou Using GIS and DEM Data ..... 76 DEM Basics .......................................................... 77 DEM Applications .................................................... 79 Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualization ........................... 79 DEM Resolution and Accuracy ......................................... 80 USGS DEMs ........................................................... 81 USGS DEM Formats ............................................... 82 National Elevation Dataset (NED) .......................... 83 DEM Data Availability ............................................... 83 DEM Data Creation from Remote Sensing ............................... 84 Image Processing Method ........................................ 84 Data Collection Method ......................................... 84 LIDAR .......................................................... 85 IFSAR .......................................................... 85 DEM Analysis ........................................................ 86 Cell Threshold for Defining Streams ............................ 86 The D-8 Model .................................................. 86 DEM Sinks ...................................................... 87 Stream Burning ................................................. 88 DEM Aggregation ................................................ 88 Slope Calculations ............................................. 88 Software Tools ...................................................... 88 Spatial Analyst and Hydro Extension ............................ 90 ARC GRID Extension ............................................. 93 IDRISI ......................................................... 94 TOPAZ .......................................................... 95 Case Studies and Examples ........................................... 95 Watershed Delineation .......................................... 95 Sewershed Delineation ......................................... 101 Water Distribution System Modeling ............................ 103 WaterCAD Example ......................................... 104 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 105 Chapter Summary .................................................... 105 Chapter Questions .................................................. 106 Chapter 5 GPS Applications Learning Objective ................................................. 108 Major Topics ....................................................... 108 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 108 Stream Mapping in Iowa ............................................. 108 GPS Basics ......................................................... 109 GPS Applications in the Water Industry ............................. 110 Surveying ..................................................... 111 Fleet Management .............................................. 111 GPS Applications in GIS ............................................ 111 GPS Survey Steps ................................................... 112 GPS Equipment ...................................................... 113 Recreational GPS Equipment .................................... 113 Basic GPS Equipment ........................................... 114 Advanced GPS Equipment ........................................ 115 Survey Grade GPS Equipment ......................................... 116 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 117 Chapter Summary .................................................... 117 Chapter Questions .................................................. 118 Chapter 6 Internet Applications Learning Objective ................................................. 120 Major Topics ....................................................... 120 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 120 Dublin's Web Map ................................................... 120 Internet GIS ....................................................... 122 Internet Security ............................................. 123 Internet GIS Software .............................................. 124 Internet GIS Applications .......................................... 124 Data Integration .............................................. 124 Project Management ............................................ 124 3D Visualization Applications ................................. 126 Case Studies ....................................................... 126 Tacoma's Intranet and Mobile GIS .............................. 126 Montana's Watershed Data Information Management System ........ 127 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 128 Chapter Summary .................................................... 128 Chapter Questions .................................................. 128 Chapter 7 Mobile GIS Learning Objective ................................................. 130 Major Topics ....................................................... 130 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 130 Mobile GIS Basics .................................................. 130 Mobile GIS Applications ............................................ 131 Wireless Internet Technology ....................................... 133 GPS Integration .................................................... 133 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 134 Chapter Summary .................................................... 135 Chapter Questions .................................................. 135 Chapter 8 Mapping Learning Objective ................................................. 138 Major Topics ....................................................... 138 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 138 Los Angeles County's Sewer Mapping Program ......................... 138 Mapping Basics ..................................................... 139 Map Types ..................................................... 139 Topology ...................................................... 139 Map Projections and Coordinate Systems ........................ 140 Map Scale ..................................................... 140 Data Quality .................................................. 140 Data Errors ................................................... 141 Map Accuracy .................................................. 141 Map Types .......................................................... 142 Base Map ...................................................... 142 Digital Orthophotos ...................................... 143 Planimetric Maps ......................................... 143 Small-Scale Maps ......................................... 144 Advantages of GIS Maps ............................................. 145 GIS Mapping Steps .................................................. 147 Needs Analysis ................................................ 147 Data Collection ............................................... 148 Data Conversion ............................................... 148 Capturing Attributes ..................................... 148 Capturing Graphics ....................................... 149 Digitization ........................................ 149 Scanning ............................................ 150 Data Conversion Software ............................ 150 Data Processing ............................................... 153 Data Preparation ......................................... 153 Topological Structuring .................................. 153 Data Management .......................................... 154 Quality Control .......................................... 155 Map Production ........................................... 155 Case Studies ....................................................... 156 Borough of Ramsey, New Jersey ................................. 156 City of Lake Elsinore, California ............................. 158 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania ................................ 159 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 159 Chapter Summary .................................................... 160 Chapter Questions .................................................. 160 Chapter 9 Mapping Applications Learning Objective ................................................. 162 Major Topics ....................................................... 162 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 162 Customer Service Application in Gurnee ............................. 162 Common Mapping Functions ........................................... 164 Thematic Mapping .............................................. 164 Spatial Analysis .............................................. 164 Buffers ....................................................... 164 Hyperlinks .................................................... 167 Water System Mapping Applications .................................. 167 MWRA Water System Mapping Project ............................. 167 Service Shutoff Application ................................... 167 Generating Meter-Reading Routes ............................... 169 Map Maintenance Application ................................... 169 Wastewater System Mapping Applications ............................. 169 Public Participation with 3D GIS .............................. 169 Mapping the Service Laterals .................................. 170 Stormwater System Mapping Applications ............................. 173 Stormwater Permits ............................................ 173 Chapter Summary .................................................... 175 Chapter Questions .................................................. 175 Chapter 10 Monitoring Applications Learning Objective ................................................. 178 Major Topics ....................................................... 178 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 178 Monitoring Real Time Rainfall and Stream-Flow Data in Aurora ....... 178 Monitoring Basics .................................................. 179 Remotely Sensed Rainfall Data ...................................... 179 Satellite Rainfall Data ....................................... 180 Radar Rainfall Data ........................................... 181 NEXRAD Rainfall Data .......................................... 181 NEXRAD Level III Data .................................... 181 Estimating Rainfall Using GIS ................................. 183 Radar Rainfall Application: Virtual Rain-Gauge Case Study ..... 184 Flow-Monitoring Applications ....................................... 187 SCADA Integration ............................................. 187 NPDES-Permit Reporting Applications ................................ 188 Monitoring via Internet ............................................ 189 Monitoring the Infrastructure ...................................... 190 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 190 Chapter Summary .................................................... 191 Chapter Questions .................................................. 191 Chapter 11 Modeling Applications Learning Objectives ................................................ 194 Major Topics ....................................................... 194 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 194 Temporal-Spatial Modeling in Westchester County .................... 194 H&H Modeling ....................................................... 195 Application Methods ................................................ 196 Interchange Method ................................................. 197 Subbasin Parameter Estimation ................................. 198 Runoff Curve Number Estimation ................................ 199 Water Quality Modeling Data Estimation ........................ 200 Demographic Data Estimation ................................... 202 Land-Use Data Estimation ...................................... 204 Interface Method ................................................... 205 HEC-GEO Interface ............................................. 207 HEC-GeoHMS .................................................... 207 HEC-GeoRAS .................................................... 207 Watershed Modeling System ..................................... 208 GISHydro Modules .............................................. 208 GISHydro Prepro .......................................... 209 GISHydro Runoff .......................................... 210 ArcInfo Interface with HEC Programs ........................... 210 Intermediate Data Management Programs ......................... 211 Interface Method Case Study ................................... 212 Integration Method ................................................. 212 EPA's BASINS Program .......................................... 213 BASINS Examples .......................................... 217 MIKE BASIN .................................................... 218 Geo-STORM Integration ......................................... 219 ARC/HEC-2 Integration ......................................... 219 Integration Method Case Study ................................. 220 Which Linkage Method to Use? ....................................... 221 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 222 Chapter Summary .................................................... 222 Chapter Questions .................................................. 223 Chapter 12 Water Models Learning Objective ................................................. 226 Major Topics ....................................................... 226 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 226 City of Germantown's Water Model ................................... 226 GIS Applications for Water Distribution Systems .................... 227 Development of Hydraulic Models .................................... 229 Software Examples .................................................. 231 EPANET ........................................................ 231 H2ONET™ and H2OMAP™ ............................................ 232 Demand Allocator ......................................... 235 Skeletonizer ............................................. 235 Tracer ................................................... 235 WaterCAD™ and WaterGEMS™ ...................................... 235 MIKE NET™ ..................................................... 236 Other Programs ................................................ 237 EPANET and ArcView Integration in Harrisburg ....................... 237 Mapping the Model Output Results .............................. 242 Network Skeletonization ............................................ 243 Estimation of Node Demands ......................................... 249 Demand-Estimation Case Studies ................................ 252 Newport News, Virginia ................................... 252 Round Rock, Texas ........................................ 252 Lower Colorado River Authority, Texas .................... 253 Estimation of Node Elevations ...................................... 253 Pressure Zone Trace ................................................ 255 Chapter Summary .................................................... 255 Chapter Questions .................................................. 255 Chapter 13 Sewer Models Learning Objectives ................................................ 258 Major Topics ....................................................... 258 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 258 MapInfo™ and SWMM Interchange ...................................... 258 GIS Applications for Sewer Systems ................................. 259 Sewer System Modeling Integration .................................. 260 Software Examples .................................................. 261 SWMM ............................................................... 261 Useful SWMM Web Sites .............................................. 264 SWMM Graphical User Interface ................................. 264 XP-SWMM and XP-GIS ....................................... 266 GIS Data for SWMM ............................................. 267 Estimating Green-Ampt Parameters Using STATSGO/SSURGO GIS Files ........................................... 267 GIS Applications for SWMM .......................................... 270 AVSWMM ........................................................ 270 AVSWMM RUNOFF Extension .................................. 271 AVSWMM EXTRAN Extension .................................. 274 Task 1: Create EXTRAN input file .................... 274 Task 2: Create SWMM EXTRAN output layers in ArcViewGIS ..................................... 277 SWMMTools .......................................................... 278 AGSWMM ............................................................. 280 PCSWMM GIS™ ........................................................ 281 SWMM and BASINS .................................................... 282 SWMMDUET ........................................................... 283 AVsand™ ............................................................ 284 Other Sewer Models ................................................. 284 DHI Models .................................................... 284 MOUSE™ ................................................... 284 MIKE SWMM™ ............................................... 285 MOUSE GIS™ ............................................... 285 MOUSE GM™ ................................................ 286 InfoWorks™ .................................................... 287 SewerCAD™ and StormCAD™ ....................................... 289 Sewer Modeling Case Studies ........................................ 289 XP-SWMM and ArcInfo Application for CSO Modeling .............. 289 AM/FM/GIS and SWMM Integration ................................ 290 SWMM and ArcInfo™ Interface ................................... 290 Hydra™ and ArcInfo™ Interface ................................. 291 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 291 Chapter Summary .................................................... 291 Chapter Questions .................................................. 292 Chapter 14 AM/FM/GIS Applications Learning Objective ................................................. 294 Major Topics ....................................................... 294 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 294 Hampton's Wastewater Maintenance Management ........................ 294 Infrastructure Problem ............................................. 295 AM/FM/GIS Basics ................................................... 297 Automated Mapping (AM) ........................................ 298 Facilities Management (FM) .................................... 300 Automated Mapping (AM)/Facilities Management (FM) ............. 300 AM/FM/GIS Systems ............................................. 300 AM/FM/GIS Software ................................................. 300 ArcFM ......................................................... 302 Cityworks ..................................................... 304 Chapter Summary .................................................... 305 Chapter Questions .................................................. 305 Chapter 15 Maintenance Applications Learning Objective ................................................. 308 Major Topics ....................................................... 308 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 308 Buncombe County's Sewer System Inspection and Maintenance .......... 309 Asset Management ................................................... 310 GASB 34 Applications ............................................... 312 Wet Weather Overflow Management Applications ....................... 312 AutoCAD Map GIS Application for CMOM .......................... 313 CCTV Inspection of Sewers .......................................... 314 Convert Existing Video Tapes to Digital Files ................. 315 Digitize Existing VHS Tapes ................................... 316 WinCan ................................................... 317 Retrofit Tape Systems with Digital Systems .................... 317 Record Directly in Digital Format ............................. 319 Linking Digital Movies to GIS ................................. 319 Video Mapping ...................................................... 321 Thematic Mapping of Inspection Data ................................ 322 Work Order Management .............................................. 325 Water Main Isolation Trace ......................................... 327 Case Studies ....................................................... 328 Isolation Trace Case Studies .................................. 328 Sewer System Inspections in Washington County ................. 328 Sewer Rehabilitation in Baldwin ............................... 330 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 333 Chapter Summary .................................................... 333 Chapter Questions .................................................. 333 Chapter 16 Security Planning and Vulnerability Assessment Learning Objective ................................................. 336 Major Topics ....................................................... 336 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 336 GIS Applications in Planning ....................................... 336 Security Planning .................................................. 337 Vulnerability of Water Systems ................................ 338 Vulnerability of Sewer Systems ................................ 338 GIS Applications in Vulnerability Assessment ....................... 338 Security Modeling Software ......................................... 340 H2OMAP™ Protector ............................................. 340 WaterSAFE™ .................................................... 340 VSAT™ ......................................................... 342 Security Planning Data Issues ...................................... 342 Useful Web Sites ................................................... 343 Chapter Summary .................................................... 343 Chapter Questions .................................................. 343 Chapter 17 Applications Sampler Learning Objective ................................................. 346 Major Topics ....................................................... 346 List of Chapter Acronyms ........................................... 346 Drainage Area Planning in Sofia .................................... 346 Pipe Rating Program in Buncombe County ............................. 347 Water System Modeling in Tucson .................................... 352 Water System Modeling in the City of Truth or Consequences ......... 353 Background .................................................... 355 Building the MIKE NET Model from Various Data Sources ......... 355 ArcGIS and ArcFM Integration in Belgium ............................ 356 Water System Master Planning in Prague ............................. 358 Water Quality Management in Mecklenburg County ..................... 360 Water Master Planning in Sueca, Spain .............................. 362 Chapter Summary .................................................... 364 Chapter Questions .................................................. 364 Appendix A Acronyms ................................................ 365 Appendix B Conversion Factors ...................................... 371 References ......................................................... 373 Index .............................................................. 389