DIRECTIONS FOR INTERNATIONALLY COMPATIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
A CODATA Workshop, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
13-24 May 1986
Volume II. Position Papers
Prepared by the Invited Authors
G.C.Carter, Editor
Preface ..................................................... v
The Workshop Organizing Committee ......................... vii
The Workshop Sponsors ...................................... ix
Acknowledgements ........................................... xi
AIR
Techniques for Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Constituents
Ruprecht Jaenicke and Jiirgen Hahn ...................... 1
Introduction ................................................ 1
1. Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Trace Gases ......... 4
1.1 General .............................................. 4
1.2 Sampling Techniques .................................. 5
1.3 Analytical Methods .................................. 16
1.4 Calibration Techniques .............................. 53
2. Sampling and Analysis of Precipitation .................. 61
2.1 General ............................................. 61
2.2 Sampling of Precipitation ........................... 61
2.3 Analytical Methods .................................. 65
3. Airborne Paniculate Matter .............................. 83
3.1 Introduction and Realized problems .................. 83
3.2 Classification of Measurements ...................... 85
3.3 Frequency and Density of Measurements in Time
and Space ........................................... 90
3.4 Additional Information Required ..................... 91
3.5 Information Hidden in Measuring Series .............. 92
3.6 Conclusion and Summary .............................. 94
References ................................................. 95
Additional Contributions on Air Measurements
Jurgen Hahn ........................................... 112
1. General ................................................ 113
2. Criteria for Selecting Sampling Sites .................. 115
2.1 Baseline Air Pollution Monitoring Stations ......... 119
2.2 Regional Air Pollution Monitoring Stations ......... 120
3. General Sampling Problems .............................. 122
3.1 Separation of Trace Gases and Paniculate Matter .... 122
3.2 Paniculate Matter .................................. 122
4. Critical Evaluation of Measurement Techniques .......... 129
4.1 Measurement Techniques for Atmospheric Trace Gases 129
4.2 Measurement Techniques for Atmospheric Paniculate
Matter ............................................. 130
4.3 Measurement Techniques for Precipitation ........... 130
References ................................................ 142
WATER
Environmental Measurement for Water: A Vantage Point
from Activities of the American Society for Testing and
Materials
Charles Eugene Hamilton ............................... 145
SOIL
Measurement Methods and Standards for Soil Environments
D.S.Barth ............................................. 154
1. Introduction ........................................... 155
2. Objectives of Soil Monitoring .......................... 156
3. Design of Soil Sampling Experiments .................... 158
4. Measurement Methods for Soil Samples ................... 169
5. Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures ........... 172
6. Soil Data Banks and Data Programs ...................... 183
7. Conclusions ............................................ 184
8. References ............................................. 186
DATA MANAGEMENT
Environmental Data Management
Philip K. Hopke and D.L.Massart ....................... 188
1. Introduction ........................................... 189
2. Data Uses .............................................. 192
A. Understanding Environmental Systems ................. 193
B. Compliance Monitoring ............................... 193
3. Data Quality ........................................... 195
A. Laboratory .......................................... 195
B. Methodology ......................................... 196
C. Quality ............................................. 197
D. Contextual Data ..................................... 205
4. Management Concerns .................................... 206
A. Data Acquisition .................................... 206
B. Data Retrieval by Users ............................. 210
C. Combining Data from Multiple Sources ................ 213
5. Conclusions ............................................ 214
6. References ............................................. 216
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