Gauch H.G. Scientific method in brief. - New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. - xvii, 288 p.: ill. - Ref.: p.272-284. - Ind.: p.285-288. - ISBN 978-1-107-66672-6  Выставка : «Cambridge University Press - для науки и образования Сибири» Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Foreword by James R. Miller ................................. xi Preface ................................................... xiii 1 Introduction ................................................. 1 The gateway into science ..................................... 2 A controversial idea ......................................... 5 The AAAS position on method .................................. 6 Science as a liberal art ..................................... 7 Benefits and challenges ..................................... 10 Personal experience ......................................... 12 Seven streams ............................................... 15 Historical and future outlook ............................... 17 Summary ..................................................... 18 Study questions ............................................. 19 2 Four bold claims ............................................ 21 Rationality ................................................. 21 Truth ....................................................... 23 Objectivity ................................................. 26 Realism ..................................................... 28 Science and common sense .................................... 29 Summary ..................................................... 32 Study questions ............................................. 33 3 A brief history of truth .................................... 34 The most elemental question ................................. 34 Aristotle ................................................... 36 Augustine ................................................... 38 Medieval scholars ........................................... 39 Modern scholars ............................................. 42 Water ....................................................... 49 Summary ..................................................... 51 Study questions ............................................. 51 4 Science's contested rationality ............................. 53 Science's auditors .......................................... 54 Elusive truth ............................................... 56 Theory-laden data ........................................... 57 Incommensurable paradigms ................................... 58 Empty consensus ............................................. 60 Reactions from scientists ................................... 61 The AAAS posture ............................................ 66 Clear targets ............................................... 69 Summary ..................................................... 71 Study questions ............................................. 72 5 Science's presuppositions ................................... 73 Historical perspective on presuppositions ................... 74 The PEL model of full disclosure ............................ 78 Implementation of presuppositions ........................... 84 Science's worldview forum ................................... 89 Justification of knowledge claims ........................... 91 Review of functions ......................................... 93 Summary ..................................................... 94 Study questions ............................................. 95 6 Science's powers and limits ................................. 96 ' Rather obvious limitations ................................ 96 The sciences and worldviews ................................. 97 Empirical method in the humanities ......................... 100 Individual experience and worldviews ....................... 105 Logical roles and diagnoses ................................ 107 Review of boundaries ....................................... 108 Personal rewards from science .............................. 108 Summary .................................................... 110 Study questions ............................................ 110 7 Deductive logic ............................................ 112 Deduction and induction .................................... 113 Historical perspective on deduction ........................ 115 Propositional logic ........................................ 118 Predicate logic ............................................ 121 Arithmetic ................................................. 121 Common fallacies ........................................... 123 Summary .................................................... 129 Study questions ............................................ 130 8 Probability ................................................ 131 Probability concepts ....................................... 132 Four requirements .......................................... 134 Probability axioms ......................................... 136 Bayes's theorem ............................................ 138 Probability distributions .................................. 142 Permutations and combinations .............................. 143 Probability fallacies ...................................... 144 Summary .................................................... 147 Study questions ............................................ 148 9 Inductive logic and statistics ............................. 150 Historical perspective on induction ........................ 150 Bayesian inference ......................................... 154 Frequentist inference ...................................... 160 Bayesian decision .......................................... 164 Induction lost and regained ................................ 168 Summary .................................................... 171 Study questions ............................................ 172 10 Parsimony and efficiency ................................... 174 Historical perspective on parsimony ........................ 175 Preview of basic principles ................................ 178 Curve fitting .............................................. 183 Crop yields ................................................ 187 Crime rates ................................................ 189 Explanation of accuracy gain ............................... 191 Philosophical reflection ................................... 193 Summary .................................................... 196 Study questions ............................................ 197 11 Case studies ............................................... 199 Philosophy ................................................. 199 Electronic engineering ..................................... 200 Biochemistry and pharmacology .............................. 202 Medicine ................................................... 207 Sociology .................................................. 209 Economics .................................................. 212 Law ........................................................ 213 Discussion ................................................. 217 Study questions ............................................ 218 12 Ethics and responsibilities ................................ 220 Philosophical ethics ....................................... 220 Professional ethics ........................................ 224 Discussion ................................................. 232 Study questions ............................................ 233 13 Science education .......................................... 234 Typical NOS concepts ....................................... 234 Better comprehension ....................................... 238 Greater adaptability ....................................... 240 Greater interest ........................................... 242 More realism ............................................... 244 Better researchers ......................................... 247 Better teachers ............................................ 249 Academic NOS concepts ...................................... 250 Summary .................................................... 254 Study questions ............................................ 256 14 Conclusions ................................................ 257 Motion and rationality ..................................... 257 Summary of scientific method ............................... 267 Exit questions ............................................. 270 References ................................................. 272 Index ...................................................... 285