Hosford W.F. Iron and steel. - New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. - xi, 298 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.295-298. - ISBN 978-1-107-01798-6  Выставка : «Cambridge University Press - для науки и образования Сибири» Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ........................................................ xi 1 General Introduction ......................................... 1 Nomenclature ................................................. 1 Phases ....................................................... 2 Production ................................................... 3 2 Early History of Iron and Steel .............................. 4 Native Iron .................................................. 4 Wrought Iron ................................................. 6 Steel ........................................................ 8 References .................................................. 10 3 Modern Steel Making ......................................... 11 Blast Furnace ............................................... 11 Coke ........................................................ 13 Bessemer Steel-Making Process ............................... 13 Open-Hearth Steel-Making Process ............................ 15 Basic Oxygen Furnace ........................................ 16 Electric Arc Process ........................................ 18 Furnace Linings and Slags ................................... 19 Casting ..................................................... 20 Hot Rolling ................................................. 21 Cold Rolling ................................................ 22 Recycling ................................................... 22 References .................................................. 24 4 Constitution of Carbon Steels ............................... 25 Microstructures of Carbon Steels ............................ 25 Pearlite Formation .......................................... 30 References .................................................. 34 5 Plastic Strength ............................................ 35 Dislocation Density ......................................... 35 Strain Hardening ............................................ 35 Grain Size .................................................. 37 Solute Effects .............................................. 39 Temperature Dependence ...................................... 39 Hardness .................................................... 40 Strain-Rate Dependence of How Stress ........................ 40 Combined Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate ............. 46 Superplasticity ............................................. 49 Strength Differential Effect ................................ 49 References .................................................. 50 6 Annealing ................................................... 51 General ..................................................... 51 Recovery .................................................... 51 Relief of Residual Stresses ................................. 54 Recrystallization ........................................... 54 Grain Growth ................................................ 58 References .................................................. 65 7 Information Mechanisms and Crystallographic Textures ........ 66 Slip and Twinning Systems ................................... 66 Wire Textures in bcc Metals ................................. 66 Rolling Texture ............................................. 71 Compression Texture ......................................... 72 Recrystallization Textures .................................. 77 References .................................................. 79 8 Substitutional Solid Solutions .............................. 80 Phase Diagrams .............................................. 80 Ternary}Phase Diagrams ...................................... 80 Effects df Solutes on the Eutectoid Transformation .......... 80 Effect of Solutes on Physical Properties .................... 81 Solid Solution Hardening .................................... 81 Carbide-Forming Tendencies .................................. 88 Solute Segregation to Grain Boundaries ...................... 89 References .................................................. 89 9 Interstitial Solid Solutions ................................ 90 Atomic Diameters ............................................ 90 Lattice Sites for Interstitials ............................. 90 Lattice Expansion with C, N ................................. 92 Solubility of Carbon and Nitrogen ........................... 93 Snoek Effect in bcc Metals .................................. 95 References .................................................. 97 10 Diffusion ................................................... 98 General ..................................................... 98 Mechanisms of Diffusion ..................................... 99 Diffusion of Interstitials ................................. 102 References ................................................. 103 11 Strain Aging ............................................... 104 Yielding and Lьders Bands .................................. 104 Strain Aging ............................................... 105 Dynamic Strain Aging ....................................... 109 References ................................................. 112 12 Austenite Transformation ................................... 113 Kinetics of Austenization .................................. 113 Pearlite Formation ......................................... 113 isothermal Transformation .................................. 120 Bainite .................................................... 123 Continuous Cooling Diagrams ................................ 123 Martensite ................................................. 125 Retained Austenite ......................................... 126 Transformation to Martensite ............................... 128 Martensite Types ........................................... 132 Special Heat Treatments .................................... 133 Miscellany ................................................. 135 References ................................................. 136 13 Hardenability .............................................. 137 Jominy End-Quench Test ..................................... 137 Hardenability Bands ........................................ 140 Ideal Diameter Calculations ................................ 142 Boron ...................................................... 146 Miscellany ................................................. 149 References ................................................. 149 14 Tempering and Surface Hardening ............................ 150 Tempering .................................................. 150 Secondary Hardening ........................................ 156 Temper Embrittlement ....................................... 157 Carburizing ................................................ 158 Carburizing Kinetics ....................................... 159 Kinetics of Decarburization ................................ 162 Carboaustempering .......................................... 163 Nitriding .................................................. 163 Carbonitriding ............................................. 164 Case Hardening Without Composition Change .................. 165 Furnace Atmospheres ........................................ 165 References ................................................. 165 15 Low-Carbon Sheet Steel ..................................... 167 Sheet Steels ............................................... 167 Strength ................................................... 168 Grades of Low-Carbon Steel ................................. 168 Weathering Steel ........................................... 174 Heating During Deformation ................................. 174 Taylor-Welded Blanks ....................................... 175 Special Sheets ............................................. 176 Surface Treatment .......................................... 177 Special Concerns ........................................... 178 References ................................................. 178 16 Sheet Steel Formability .................................... 179 Anisotropic Yielding ....................................... 182 Effect of Strain Hardening on the Yield Locus .............. 186 Deep Drawing ............................................... 187 Stamping ................................................... 189 Forming Limits ............................................. 191 References ................................................. 193 17 Alloy Steels ............................................... 195 Designation System ......................................... 195 Effect of Alloying Elements ................................ 195 Applications ............................................... 197 References ................................................. 197 18 Other Steels ............................................... 198 Hadfield Austenitic Manganese Steel ........................ 198 Maraging Steels ............................................ 198 Tool Steels ................................................ 199 Heat Treatment of Tool Steels .............................. 201 Note of Interest ........................................... 202 References ................................................. 204 19 Stainless Steels ........................................... 205 General Corrosion Resistance ............................... 205 Ferritic Stainless Steels .................................. 205 Martensitic Stainless Steels ............................... 208 Austenitic Stainless Steels ................................ 209 Other Stainless Steels ..................................... 212 Sensitization .............................................. 214 Oxidation Resistance ....................................... 216 References ................................................. 217 20 Fracture ................................................... 218 Ductile Fracture ........................................... 218 Brittle Fracture ........................................... 222 Transition Temperature ..................................... 226 Liquid Metal Embrittlement ................................. 227 Hydrogen Embrittlement ..................................... 227 Fatigue .................................................... 229 References ................................................. 233 21 Cast Irons ................................................. 234 Production ................................................. 234 General .................................................... 234 White Irons ................................................ 237 Gray Irons ................................................. 237 Compact Graphite Iron ...................................... 242 Ductil&Cast Iron ........................................... 244 Malleable Cast Iron ........................................ 244 Matrices ................................................... 246 Austempering of Cast Irons ................................. 250 Damping Capacity ........................................... 254 References ................................................. 255 22 Magnetic Behavior of Iron .................................. 256 General .................................................... 256 Ferromagnetism ............................................. 257 Magnetostatic Energy ....................................... 261 Magnetocrystalline Energy .................................. 262 Magnetostriction ........................................... 262 Physical Units ............................................. 263 The B-H Curve .............................................. 264 Bloch Walls ................................................ 266 Soft Versus Hard Magnetic Materials ........................ 266 Soft Magnetic Materials .................................... 266 Silicon Steel .............................................. 270 Hard Magnetic Materials .................................... 272 Summary .................................................... 274 References ................................................. 275 23 Corrosion .................................................. 276 Corrosion Cells ............................................ 276 Polarization and Passivity ................................. 279 Pourbaix Diagram ........................................... 283 Types of Corrosion ......................................... 284 Corrosion Control .......................................... 285 Rust ....................................................... 287 Direct Oxidation ........................................... 287 References ................................................. 289 Appendix I: Physical Properties of Pure Iron .................. 291 Appendix II: Approximate Hardness Conversions and Tensile Strengths of Steels ........................................ 293 Index ......................................................... 295