Preface to the English editions ............................. xi
Preface ................................................... xiii
Meaning of frequently used symbols and conversion of
units ...................................................... xiv
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
2 Experimental methods for the physical examination of metals .. 3
2.1 Microscopy of surfaces .................................. 3
2.2 Transmission electron microscopy (ТЕМ) .................. 7
2.3 Diffuse X-ray scattering ............................... 17
2.4 Field ion microscopy (FIM) and scanning tunnel
microscopy ............................................. 21
2.5 Thermal analysis ....................................... 26
2.6 Mechanical testing methods ............................. 28
2.7 Investigation of anelasticity .......................... 32
2.8 Mössbauer effect ....................................... 34
2.9 The stereographic projection ........................... 37
3 Microstructure and phase, grain and phase boundaries ........ 41
3.1 Definitions ............................................ 41
3.2 Structure of grain boundaries .......................... 44
3.3 Energy of grain boundaries and its measurement ......... 50
3.4 Interphase interfaces .................................. 54
4 Solidification .............................................. 57
4.1 Homogeneous nucleation ................................. 57
4.2 Heterogeneous nucleation ............................... 59
4.3 Crystal growth ......................................... 60
4.4 Growth of single crystals and the origin of
dislocations ........................................... 62
4.5 Distribution of dissolved solute atoms on
solidification ......................................... 64
4.6 Eutectic solidification ................................ 75
4.7 Metallic glasses ....................................... 79
5 Thermodynamics of alloys .................................... 83
5.1 Equilibrium conditions ................................. 83
5.2 Statistical thermodynamics of ideal and regular
binary solutions ....................................... 86
5.3 Measurements of the energy of mixing and the activity .. 90
5.4 More advanced models of solutions ...................... 93
5.5 Derivation of binary phase diagrams from the model of
a solution ............................................. 94
5.6 Free energies and binary phase diagrams ................ 99
5.7 Ternary phase diagrams ................................ 105
6 Structure and theory of metallic phases .................... 110
6.1 Two important binary systems .......................... 110
6.2 Structures of pure metals and elastic instabilities ... 118
6.3 Hume-Rothery phases and electrons in alloys ........... 128
6.4 Alloy phases determined by atomic size ................ 140
6.5 Normal valency compounds .............................. 147
7 Ordered arrangements of atoms .............................. 148
7.1 Superlattices ......................................... 148
7.2 Incomplete order, degrees of order .................... 153
7.3 Ordered domains and their boundaries .................. 160
7.4 Kinetics of ordering .................................. 165
8 Diffusion .................................................. 171
8.1 Isothermal diffusion with a constant diffusion
coefficient ........................................... 171
8.2 Atomic mechanisms of diffusion ........................ 173
8.3 Diffusion with a concentration-dependent D ............ 182
8.4 Diffusion in interfaces and along dislocations ........ 192
8.5 Electro- and thermomigration .......................... 197
8.6 Oxidation of metals ................................... 200
8.7 Permeation of hydrogen: Diffusion with saturable
traps ................................................. 202
9 Precipitation .............................................. 209
9.1 Nucleation of precipitates ............................ 210
9.2 Rate equations for the growth of precipitates ......... 221
9.3 Ostwald ripening ...................................... 225
9.4 Spinodal decomposition ................................ 227
9.5 Discontinuous precipitation and eutectoid
decomposition ......................................... 233
9.6 TTT diagrams .......................................... 238
10 Point defects, especially those created by quenching and
irradiation ................................................ 240
10.1 Measurement of the equilibrium vacancy concentration .. 240
10.2 Quenching and annealing of excess vacancies ........... 244
10.3 Effects of irradiation with high-energy particles ..... 250
10.4 Recovery stages after irradiation ..................... 253
10.5 Radiation damage to reactor materials ................. 255
11 Line defects - Dislocations ................................ 258
11.1 Topological properties of dislocations ................ 258
11.2 Elasticity theory of dislocations ..................... 265
11.3 Dislocations in crystals .............................. 274
11.4 Dislocation dynamics .................................. 282
12 Plastic deformation, work hardening and fracture ........... 285
12.1 Crystallography of plastic shear ...................... 285
12.2 Slip and dislocation movement ......................... 289
12.3 Flow stress and work hardening ........................ 292
12.4 Dynamic recovery - cross-slip and climb ............... 297
12.5 Deformation of polycrystals, deformation texture ...... 303
12.6 Grain boundary sliding and superplasticity ............ 311
12.7 Cyclic deformation and fatigue ........................ 315
12.8 Fracture at small tensile strains -
'brittle fracture' .................................... 321
13 Martensitic transformations ................................ 327
13.1 Mechanical twinning ................................... 327
13.2 Characterization of martensitic transformations ....... 330
13.3 Landau theory of shape-memory alloys .................. 334
13.4 Crystallography of martensitic transformations ........ 337
13.5 The martensitic phase boundary ........................ 343
13.6 Nucleation of martensite .............................. 345
13.7 Hardening of steel .................................... 347
13.8 The displacive ai-transformation ...................... 350
14 Alloy hardening ............................................ 353
14.1 Solid solution hardening .............................. 353
14.2 Dislocation locking and unlocking ..................... 365
14.3 Precipitation hardening ............................... 370
14.4 Dispersion hardening and fibre-reinforcement .......... 375
14.5 Order hardening and plasticity of intermetallics ...... 379
15 Recrystallization .......................................... 381
15.1 Definitions ........................................... 381
15.2 Primary recrystallization ............................. 382
15.3 Grain growth .......................................... 387
15.4 Recrystallization textures ............................ 398
15.5 Secondary recrystallization (grain growth) ............ 401
References ................................................. 403
Index ...................................................... 415
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