Preface ..................................................... xi
List of physical constants .................................. xv
List of materials parameters for important semiconductors,
Si and GaAs ................................................ xvi
1 Semiconductor fundamentals ................................... 1
1.1 Definition of a semiconductor ........................... 2
1.2 Equilibrium carrier concentrations and intrinsic
material ................................................ 7
1.3 Extrinsic material ..................................... 16
Problems .................................................... 21
2 Carrier action .............................................. 23
2.1 Drift and diffusion .................................... 23
2.2 Generation-recombination ............................... 28
2.3 Continuity equation and its solution ................... 33
Problems .................................................... 36
3 Junctions ................................................... 38
3.1 p-n homojunction in equilibrium ........................ 38
3.2 p-n homojunctions under bias ........................... 47
3.3 Deviations from ideal diode behavior ................... 57
3.4 Carrier injection, extraction, charge control
analysis, and capacitance .............................. 61
3.5 Schottky barriers ...................................... 68
Problems .................................................... 75
4 Bipolar junction transistors ................................ 78
4.1 ВJT operation .......................................... 78
4.2 Secondary effects in BJTs .............................. 92
4.2.1 Drift in the base region ........................ 92
4.2.2 Base narrowing or the Early Effect .............. 94
4.2.3 Avalanche breakdown ............................. 95
4.3 High frequency operation of a BJT ...................... 97
Problems .................................................... 99
5 JFETS and MESFETS .......................................... 101
5.1 JFET operation ........................................ 10l
5.2 MESFET and MODFET operation ........................... 104
5.3 Quantitative description of JFETs and MESFETs ......... 112
5.4 Small signal model for a JFET ......................... 121
Problems ................................................... 124
6 Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures and MOSFETS ....... 127
6.1 MIS systems in equilibrium ............................ 127
6.2 MIS systems under bias ................................ 133
6.3 Basic theory of MOSFET operation ...................... 144
6.4 Small signal operation of MESFETs and MOSFETs ......... 155
6.5 CMOS circuits ......................................... 160
Problems ................................................... 165
7 Short-channel effects and challenges to CMOS ............... 169
7.1 Short-channel effects ................................. 169
7.2 Scaling theory ........................................ 176
7.3 Processing challenges to further CMOS
miniaturization ....................................... 183
Problems ................................................... 186
8 Beyond cmos ................................................ 188
8.1 Evolutionary advances beyond CMOS ..................... 188
8.2 Carbon nanotubes ...................................... 195
8.3 Conventional vs. tactile computing, molecular and
biological computing .................................. 197
8.4 Moletronics - molecular diodes and diode-diode logic .. 201
8.5 Defect tolerant computing ............................. 206
8.6 Quantum dot cellular automata ......................... 210
Problems ................................................... 219
9 Telecommunications systems - an overview ................... 220
9.1 Fiber transmission .................................... 220
9.2 Amplifiers and repeaters .............................. 223
9.3 Mobile cellular telecommunications systems ............ 225
9.4 Device types for cellular systems ..................... 228
10 Optoelectronic devices - emitters, light amplifiers, and
detectors .................................................. 230
10.1 LEDs .................................................. 230
10.2 Stimulated emission ................................... 238
10.3 Laser operation ....................................... 244
10.4 Types of semiconductor lasers ......................... 248
10.5 EDFAs ................................................. 255
10.6 SOAs .................................................. 258
10.7 p-i-n photodetectors .................................. 260
10.8 Avalanche photodiodes ................................. 265
Problems .............................................. 273
11 Transistors for high frequency, high power amplifiers for
wireless systems ........................................... 275
11.1 Transistor figures of merit for wireless systems ...... 275
11.2 Heterostructures ...................................... 281
11.3 MODFET devices ........................................ 286
11.4 HBTs .................................................. 290
11.5 Wide band gap semiconductors .......................... 294
Problems .............................................. 298
References ................................................. 300
Index ...................................................... 303
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