Acknowledgments ................................................ ix
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 A Matter of Perspective ................................. 3
1.2 The Nature of Feedback .................................. 4
1.3 Which Autotrophs and Which Traits? ...................... 6
1.4 Trait Variation and Trait Diversity ..................... 7
1.5 Which Trophic Interactions? ............................. 9
1.6 Which Ecosystem Processes? ............................. 10
1.7 Webs of Green and Brown ................................ 11
2 The Phytochemical Landscape ................................. 13
2.1 Defining the Phytochemical Landscape ................... 13
2.2 Variation on the Phytochemical Landscape ............... 17
3 The Variable Chemistry of Primary Production ................ 24
3.1 The Challenging Chemistry of Autotrophs ................ 24
3.2 Origins of Variation in Autotroph Chemistry on
the Phytochemical Landscape ............................ 25
3.3 Microbial Symbionts and Variation in Autotroph
Chemistry: Whose Phenotype Is It Anyway? ............... 30
3.4 Summary and Conclusions ................................ 38
4 Effects of Primary Producer Chemistry on Trophic
Interactions ................................................ 39
4.1 Herbivores and Herbivory: The Interactive Effects
of Autotroph Chemistry and Natural Enemies ............. 39
4.2 Effects of the Phytochemical Landscape on Natural
Enemies ................................................ 91
5 Effects of Trophic Interactions on the Chemistry of
Primary Producers .......................................... 109
5.1 Background ............................................ 109
5.2 Effects of Herbivores and Predators on Autotroph
Community Structure ................................... 111
5.3 Consumer Effects on Succession—Temporal Change
on the Phytochemical Landscape ........................ 121
5.4 Phytochemical Induction - A Multiplier of Variation
in Autotroph Chemistry on the Phytochemical
Landscape ............................................. 124
6 Effects of Autotroph Chemistry on Nutrient Dynamics ........ 138
6.1 The Elements of Life .................................. 138
6.2 Recalcitrant Organic Chemistry ........................ 142
6.3 Nutrients, Stoichiometry, and the Decomposition
of Autotroph Residues ................................. 148
6.4 Effects of Autotroph Identity and Diversity
on Nutrient Dynamics .................................. 153
6.5 Effects of Phytoplankton Residue Chemistry
on Nutrient Dynamics in Aquatic Ecosystems ............ 160
6.6 Effects of Phytoplankton Stoichiometry on Nutrient
Dynamics in Aquatic Ecosystems ........................ 168
7 Effects of Nutrient Availability on the Chemistry
of Primary Producers ....................................... 173
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 173
7.2 Effects of Nutrient Dynamics on the Chemical
Phenotype of Individual Autotrophs .................... 175
7.3 Effects of Nutrient Availability on Primary Producer
Diversity ............................................. 185
7.4 Evolutionary Effects of Nutrient Availability
on Autotroph Chemistry ................................ 192
7.5 Conclusions ........................................... 195
8 Linking Trophic Interactions with Ecosystem Nutrient
Dynamics on the Phytochemical Landscape .................... 198
8.1 Putting It All Together: Linking Cycles and
Generating Feedback ................................... 198
8.2 From Trophic Interactions to Ecosystem Processes ...... 199
8.3 Effects of Herbivory on Nutrient Dynamics ............. 200
8.4 Effects of Predators on Nutrient Dynamics ............. 227
8.5 Effects of Nutrient Dynamics on Trophic Interactions .. 236
8.6 Final Thoughts on Feedback Loops ...................... 247
9 Synthesis and Prospects for Future Work .................... 252
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 252
9.2 Priority 1: Let's Make Some Maps ...................... 253
9.3 Priority 2: Assess the Frequency and Strength
of Spatial Correlation ................................ 254
9.4 Priority 3: Understanding Time Lags and the Temporal
Scale of Spatial Correlation on the Phytochemical
Landscape ............................................. 255
9.5 Priority 4: Exploring Variation in the Strength of
Feedback between Trophic Interactions and Nutrient
Dynamics on the Phytochemical Landscape ............... 262
9.6 Priority 5: Comparing the Role of the Phytochemical
Landscape in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems ....... 272
9.7 Concluding Remarks .................................... 274
References Cited .............................................. 277
Index ......................................................... 347
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