Introduction ................................................. 1
1 Carrying Tens: Pascal, Morland, and the Challenge of
Machine Calculation ......................................... 13
FIRST CARRY. Babbage and Clement Mechanize Table Making ........ 44
2 Artisans and Their Philosophers: Leibniz and Hooke
Coordinate Minds, Metal, and Wood ........................... 56
SECOND CARRY. Babbage Gets Funded .............................. 88
3 Improvement for Profit: Calculating Machines and
the Prehistory of Intellectual Property ..................... 97
THIRD CARRY. Babbage Claims His Property ...................... 122
4 Reinventing the Wheel: Emulation in the European
Enlightenment .............................................. 126
FOURTH CARRY. Babbage Confronts Prior Art ..................... 157
5 Teething Problems: Charles Stanhope and the Coordination
of Technical Knowledge from Geneva to Kent ................. 162
FIFTH CARRY. Babbage's Collaborators Emulate .................. 200
6 Calculating Machines, Creativity, and Humility from
Leibniz to Turing .......................................... 212
FINAL CARRY. Epilogue ......................................... 239
Acknowledgments ............................................... 251
Conventions ................................................... 255
Abbreviations ................................................. 257
Notes ......................................................... 259
References .................................................... 293
Index ......................................................... 321
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