Acknowledgments ............................................... vii
Introduction .................................................... 1
1 Approaches to a Concept of Simulation ....................... 11
1.1 Simulations and Their Contested Representational
Capacity ............................................... 11
1.2 Missing Links: Simulations and Simulacra ............... 15
1.3 Computer Simulations in Relation to "System" and
"Dynamic" .............................................. 21
2 The Perspectivation of Simulations .......................... 27
2.1 Central Perspective in Discussions on Contemporary
Image Production ....................................... 27
2.2 A Structural Comparison with Central Perspective ....... 30
2.3 The Special Case of Interactive Real-Time Simulations .. 40
2.4 A Critique of the Simulation Dynamic ................... 43
2.5 Perspective and Schematism ............................. 51
2.6 Systems Aesthetics ..................................... 53
3 Modeling and Iconization .................................... 57
3.1 On the Position and Role of Models ..................... 57
3.2 Semiautonomous Iconization ............................. 72
3.3 Sources of Design ...................................... 91
3.4 Two Types of Models ................................... 107
4 Iconicity and Dynamic ...................................... 113
4.1 Figurative Displays ................................... 113
4.2 Movement as a Design Element .......................... 126
4.3 An Increase in Movement ............................... 145
4.4 Designing the Experientiability of Events ............. 154
4.5 Excursus: The Rhetoric of the "Alive" ................. 166
4.6 Temporal Components and the Modulation of
Experiential Time ..................................... 169
5 Characteristics of the Iconicity of Simulations ............ 181
5.1 Approaches to the Iconicity of Simulations ............ 181
5.2 From Results to Events ................................ 183
5.3 Building Actions and Situations ....................... 184
5.4 Manifold Variations ................................... 187
5.5 Degrees of Freedom, Calculability Problems, and
Levels of Description ................................. 190
5.6 Cuts below the Surface ................................ 192
5.7 Cuts on the Surface ................................... 199
5.8 Reforming Forms ....................................... 208
6 Iconicity and Interactivity ................................ 215
6.1 For an Interweaving of Iconicity and Interactivity .... 215
6.2 Prefabricated Paths versus Designed Situations ........ 218
6.3 Approaches to Iconicity in Computer Simulations ....... 225
6.4 Iconic Modes of Control ............................... 227
6.5 Avatars Astray ........................................ 253
6.6 (Unstable) Image as Variable Interface ................ 269
Conclusion .................................................... 273
Notes ......................................................... 277
Interviews .................................................... 323
Bibliography .................................................. 325
Index ......................................................... 365
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