List of Maps .................................................. xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................. xv
Silk Road Timeline ............................................ xxii
Introduction ..................................................... 3
DOCUMENTS
1 A Walk through the Taklamakan, Charles Blackmore, 1995 ....... 25
2 A Caravan in 1895, Sven Hedin, 1925 .......................... 28
3 The Han Emperor Speaks with the Explorer Zhang Qian, Ban
Gu, 111 CE ................................................... 30
4 a-b Documents about Envoys from Sogdiana from the Xuanquan
Fort, 52, 39 ВСЕ ............................................. 31
5 The Kingdom of Da Qin. Fan Ye, 445 CE ........................ 33
6 Greek Description of the Lands East of India, Periplus,
First Century CE ............................................. 34
7 Pliny the Elder on the Country of Seres and the Silkworm,
Natural History, ca. 77 CE ................................... 36
Chapter 1. At the Crossroads of Central Asia
The Kingdom of Kroraina ......................................... 38
DOCUMENTS
8 The Niya Site in 1901, Aurel Stein, 1907 ..................... 77
9 The Niya Site in 1993, Charles Віасkmоrе, 1995 ............... 79
10 The Kroraina and Jingjue Kingdoms, Ban Gu, 111 CE ............ 81
l1 la-h Local Life in a Silk Road Community, ca. 250-350 CE,
Thomas Burrow, [trans.], 1940 ................................ 83
Chapter 2. Gateway to the Languages of the Silk Road
Kucha and the Kizil Caves ....................................... 94
DOCUMENTS
12 Sven Hedin's Account of His 1899 Boat Trip on the Yarkand
and Aksu Rivers, Sven Hedin, 1925 ........................... 125
13 How the Germans Removed Paintings from the Kizil Caves,
Albert von le Coq, 1928 ..................................... 127
14 The Jataka Tale of How the Monkey King Saved His Band,
Fifth Century, The Jataka, 1897 ............................. 129
15 The Punyavan Jataka Tale, Fifth-Sixth Centuries, George
S. Lane, [trans.], 1947 ..................................... 132
16 The Invasion of Kucha by General Lü Guang, Li Fang, 984 ..... 135
17 The Biography of Kumarajiva, Fang Xueling, 644 ............. 136
Chapter 3. Midway Between China and Iran Turfan ................ 141
DOCUMENTS
18 Xuanzang's Journey Out of China in 629, Huili, 649 .......... 176
19 The Astana Graveyard in 1915, Aurel Stem, 1928 .............. 178
20a-b The Real World Legal System in the Turfan Documents ...... 181
21a-d The Underworld Court System In the Turfan Documents ...... 183
22a-d The Tang Code, Zhangsun Wuji, 653 ........................ 187
Chapter 4. Homeland of the Sogdians, the Silk Road Traders
Samarkand and Sogdiana ......................................... 193
DOCUMENTS
23a-c The Sogdian Ancient Letters, ca. 310, Nicholas
Sims-Williams, [trans.], 2004 ............................... 225
24 The Mount Mugh Marriage Contract and the Bride's Script,
710, llya Yakubovich, [trans.], 2006 ........................ 231
25 The Fall of Devashtich's Fortress at Mount Mugh to the
Arab Armies, 722, al-Tabarl, 923 ............................ 233
26 Xuanzang's Description of Sogdian Ways, Xuanzang, 646 ....... 235
27 The Kingdom of Sogdiana, Liu Xu, 945 ........................ 236
Chapter 5. The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road
Historic Chang'an, Modern-day Xi'an ............................ 239
DOCUMENTS
28 a-c Epitaphs for the Two Sogdian Headmen An Jia and Shi
Wirkak, 579 ................................................. 269
29 Christianity in China: The Nestorlan Stele of XLan, 781,
A.C. Moule, [trans.[, 1930 .................................. 273
30 A Record Book of Accounts from a Tang-Dynasty
Pawn Shop, 662-689, Valerie Hansen and Ana Mata-Fink,
[trans.], 2005 .............................................. 277
31 The Lament of the Lady of Qin, A Poem about Chang'an
in 881, Lionel Giles, [trans.], 1926 ........................ 282
Chapter 6. The Time Capsule of Silk Road History The Dunhuang
Caves .......................................................... 285
DOCUMENTS
32 Aurel Stein's Negotiations at Dunhuang, Aurel Stem, 1912 .... 322
33 A Hebrew Prayer preserved in the Library Cave, 800-1000,
Sarah Ifft Decker, [trans.], 2015 ........................... 325
34 A Manichaean Hymn from the Library Cave, 800-1000, Tsui
Chi, [trans.], 1943 ......................................... 326
35 A Christian Hymn from the Library Cave, 800-1000,
A.C. Moule, [trans.], 1930 .................................. 328
36 Zhang Yichao Transformation Text, after 857, Victor Mair,
[trans.], 1983 .............................................. 330
37a-b Women's Lives at Dunhuang in the Ninth and Tenth
Centuries ................................................... 333
Chapter 7. Entryway into Xinjiang for Buddhism and Islam
Khotan ......................................................... 337
DOCUMENTS
38 Xuanzang's Description of Khotan in 644, Huili, 649 ......... 373
39 The Pilgrim-monk Faxian's Description of Khotan, 401,
James Legge, [trans.], 1866 ................................. 374
40 The Book of Zambasta on Women and How to Quench Sexual
Desire, ca. 500, R. E. Emmerick, [trans.], ca. 500 .......... 376
41 A Khotanese Contract Governing the Use of Irrigation
Water, Oktor Skjærvø, [trans.], ca. 700 ..................... 379
42 The Second Jewish-Persian Letter, ca. 790, Zhang Zhan,
[trans.], 2015 .............................................. 381
43 A Khotanese-Sanskrit Phrasebook, Tenth Century,
H.W. Bailey, [trans.], 1938 ................................. 383
44 A Khotanese Account of Expenditures, Hiroshi Kumanoto,
[trans.]. Tenth Century ..................................... 387
Chapter 8. A New Route Through the Grasslands Beying ........... 391
DOCUMENTS
45 Pope Innocent's Letters to the Mongols, 1245, Dawson,
[trans,], 1955 .............................................. 418
46 The Mongol Khan's Reply to the Pope's Letters of 1245,
Igor de Rachewiltz, [trans.], 1971 .......................... 420
47 John of Piano Carpini's Description of the Mongols, 1246,
Christopher Dawson, [trans.], 1955 .......................... 421
48 The Religious Debate at Mongke's Court, 1254, Christopher
Dawson, [trans.], 1955 ...................................... 425
49 The Armenian King's Report about William of Rubruck, Peter
Jackson, [trans.], 1990 ..................................... 427
50 Rabban Sauma's Account of France, ca. 1300, E.A.W. Budge,
[trans.], 1928 .............................................. 428
51 Marco Polo's Account of Beijing, Ronald Latham, [trans.],
1299 ........................................................ 430
52 Marco Polo's Route South of Beijing, Ronald Latham,
[trans.], 1299 .............................................. 432
Conclusion
The History of the Overland Routes through Central Asia ........ 435
Credits ........................................................ 447
Index .......................................................... 453
Color plates follow ............................................ 224
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