List of Figures ................................................. x
Preface ....................................................... xxi
1 Types of Memory and Brain Regions of Interest ................ 1
1.1 Cognitive Neuroscience .................................. 2
1.2 Memory Types ............................................ 3
1.3 Brain Anatomy ........................................... 8
1.4 The Hippocampus and Long-Term Memory ................... 12
1.5 Sensory Regions ........................................ 13
1.6 Control Regions ........................................ 18
1.7 The Organization of This Book .......................... 21
2 The Tools of Cognitive Neuroscience ......................... 24
2.1 Behavioral Measures .................................... 25
2.2 High Spatial Resolution Techniques ..................... 25
2.3 High Temporal Resolution Techniques .................... 30
2.4 High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Techniques ........ 34
2.5 Lesions and Temporary Cortical Disruption Techniques ... 37
2.6 Method Comparisons ..................................... 43
3 Brain Regions Associated with Long-Term Memory .............. 46
3.1 Episodic Memory ........................................ 47
3.2 Semantic Memory ........................................ 51
3.3 Memory Consolidation ................................... 53
3.4 Consolidation and Sleep ................................ 56
3.5 Memory Encoding ........................................ 59
3.6 Sex Differences ........................................ 61
3.7 Superior Memory ........................................ 64
4 Brain Timing Associated with Long-Term Memory ............... 71
4.1 Timing of Activity ..................................... 72
4.2 The FN400 Debate ....................................... 76
4.3 Phase and Frequency of Activity ........................ 79
5 Long-Term Memory Failure .................................... 88
5.1 Typical Forgetting ..................................... 89
5.2 Retrieval-Induced Forgetting ........................... 92
5.3 Motivated Forgetting ................................... 96
5.4 False Memories ......................................... 97
5.5 Flashbulb Memories .................................... 103
6 Working Memory ............................................. 108
6.1 The Contents of Working Memory ........................ 109
6.2 Working Memory and the Hippocampus .................... 114
6.3 Working Memory and Brain Frequencies .................. 119
6.4 Brain Plasticity and Working Memory Training .......... 122
7 Implicit Memory ............................................ 129
7.1 Brain Regions Associated with Implicit Memory ......... 130
7.2 Brain Timing Associated with Implicit Memory .......... 135
7.3 Models of Implicit Memory ............................. 138
7.4 Implicit Memory and the Hippocampus ................... 141
7.5 Skill Learning ........................................ 146
8 Memory and Other Cognitive Processes ....................... 150
8.1 Attention and Memory .................................. 151
8.2 Imagery and Memory .................................... 159
8.3 Language and Memory ................................... 164
8.4 Emotion and Memory .................................... 166
9 Explicit Memory and Disease ................................ 171
9.1 Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment .................... 172
9.2 Alzheimer's Disease ................................... 177
9.3 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ........................... 179
9.4 Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ......................... 186
9.5 Transient Global Amnesia .............................. 190
10 Long-Term Memory in Animals ................................ 196
10.1 The Medial Temporal Lobe .............................. 197
10.2 Long-Term Potentiation ................................ 200
10.3 Memory Replay ......................................... 203
10.4 Time Cells ............................................ 205
10.5 Episodic Memory ....................................... 210
11 The Future of Memory Research .............................. 219
11.1 Phrenology and fMRI ................................... 220
11.2 fMRI versus ERPs ...................................... 225
11.3 Brain Region Interactions ............................. 227
11.4 The Future of Cognitive Neuroscience .................. 232
11.5 A Spotlight on the Fourth Dimension ................... 234
Glossary ...................................................... 238
References .................................................... 248
Author Index .................................................. 270
Subject Index ................................................. 276
Color plates are to be found between pp. 170 and 171
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