List of Illustrations .......................................... xi
Acknowledgments ............................................... xiv
1 Introduction: The Rise of Management ......................... 1
2 Background: Views on the Development of Management ........... 9
Management as Practice ....................................... 9
The Origins of Management and Managers ................... 10
Further Expansion and Transformation ..................... 12
Changing Backgrounds of Managers ......................... 13
Management as Innovation .................................... 14
Early Origins of Management Ideas ........................ 14
Moving beyond the Shopfloor .............................. 16
The Dominant Narrative and its Cridcs .................... 17
Management as Fashion ....................................... 18
3 Approach: Three "Fields" in Historical, Comparative, and
Integrative Perspective Business Schools, Consultants, and
Media as Organizational Fields .............................. 24
Defining Organizational Fields .............................. 24
Characteristics of Fields: Structures and Logics ......... 27
Relations and Interactions between Fields ................ 28
A Historical, Comparative, and Integrative Perspective ...... 29
The Development of the Three Fields ...................... 29
Cross-national Comparisons and Linkages .................. 30
Interactions among the Fields and with Practice .......... 33
PART I. Diverse Origins ........................................ 39
4 The Emergence of Schools of Commerce ........................ 41
Organizing Higher Commercial Education ...................... 41
United States: Inclusion into Universities ............... 42
Europe: Left on the Outside .............................. 44
Pioneering Initiatives and Early Expansion .................. 45
United States: Failed and Successful Foundations ......... 45
Europe: Multiple Moves and Influences .................... 48
International Circulation of Models ......................... 53
5 Accountants and Efficiency Engineers as Early Consultants ... 59
Situating the Origins of Consulting: A Variety of Views ..... 59
Accountants as Invisible Frontrunners ....................... 61
Scientific Management and the "Efficiency Experts" .......... 64
The United States as the Seedbed ......................... 64
Consulting Emergent: Many Individuals and One Firm ....... 67
Spreading the Gospel - and the Business .................. 70
6 Modest Beginnings for Business Publishing ................... 75
Frontrunners in Business and Management Publishing .......... 75
The Origin of Four Significant Publishing Houses ......... 75
The Four Publishing Houses in Context .................... 77
The Business Press: Specialized Challengers to the
Estabhshed Newspapers ....................................... 80
Four Significant Entrants ................................ 80
The Entrants in Context .................................. 81
Academic Journals: Early Steps Towards
Institutionalization ........................................ 82
Points of Departure ...................................... 82
Five American Frontrunners ............................... 83
The Five Frontrunners in Context ......................... 85
PART II. In Search of Directions ............................... 91
7 Establishing a Place for Business Education ................. 93
The Struggle for Recognition as a Professional School in
the United States ........................................... 93
Changing Nomenclature, Continuing Diversity .............. 93
Claims toward "Profession" and "Science" ................. 95
Expansion, Increasing Stratification, First Critiques .... 98
Diverging Developments in Europe and Elsewhere ............. 101
Turning into a "Science" and a Faculty in Germany ....... 101
Fragile Developments in France and the United Kingdom ... 103
Diverse Influences, Different Outcomes in Other Parts
of the World ............................................ 104
8 Old Certainties and New Departures in Consulting ........... 110
Scientific Management: Still on a Mission, Now Also
Internationally ............................................ 110
Expanding Taylorist Ideology and Practice ............... 110
Waning Efforts in Japan, China, and Russia .............. 113
Building an Alternative: Germany's Cooperative Logic .... 114
Efficiency as a Growing Business ........................... 115
US Consulting Engineers at Home and Abroad .............. 115
Paling Them All: Charles E. Bedaux and His Firm ......... 117
Moving Abroad and Engendering Local Firms ............... 119
The "Others": Ongoing Trends and New Developments .......... 121
Still in the Shadows: Accounting and HR Consulting ...... 121
What the Future Would Bring: A Professional Vision for
the Field ............................................... 123
9 Broadening Audiences for Business Publications ............. 129
Publishers: New Actors and Increasing Numbers of
Management Books ........................................... 129
Wiley, Harper, Macmillan, and McGraw-Hill ............... 129
Other Early Entrants: The Ronald Press and University
Presses ................................................. 132
Four Additional Publishers .............................. 133
The Emergence of General Management Books ............... 134
Expansion of the Business Press: Higher Circulation
and New Titles ............................................. 136
Academic Journals: New Initiatives from Universities and
Professional Associations .................................. 137
Four Interwar Entrants .................................. 137
Impact and Orientation of the Nine FT45 Journals ........ 140
The FT45 Journals in Context ............................ 141
PART III. Post-World War II Expansion ......................... 147
10 Making Business Education Scientific ....................... 149
Post-war Transformation in the United States ............... 149
The New Look "Business School" and the MBA in the United
States ..................................................... 153
American-style Business Education Moves Abroad ............. 155
The Post-war US Offensive ............................... 155
The Stand-alone Schools ................................. 156
Penetration into the University ......................... 160
The University-based Graduate Business School and the
MBA ..................................................... 161
Growth in Business Education Outside the United States
and its Limitations ........................................ 162
11 The Assertion of Management Consulting ..................... 168
Consulting Engineers: Mixed Fortunes ....................... 168
United States: Out With the Old, In With the New ........ 169
European Consulting Engineers Dominating Europe ......... 172
The Triumph of Science ... eh, Professionalism ............. 174
Science on the Rise - For a While ....................... 174
A Triumphant Professional Model ......................... 177
International Expansion and Replication ................. 182
"The Accountants Are Coming!" .............................. 184
12 Growth and Diversification of Management Publishing ........ 191
Publishers: Expansion, New Establishments, and
Restructuration ............................................ 191
Wiley, Harper, Macmillan, and McGraw-Hill ............... 191
Other Already Established Publishers .................... 194
Entrants and Restructuration ............................ 196
The Business Press: Circulation Figures Taking Off ......... 198
Academic Journals: New Titles and the Move to Publishing
Firms ...................................................... 200
New Foundations: Expansion and Specialization ........... 201
Significant Papers Published by the Entrants ............ 204
Further Additions to the Field .......................... 205
PART IV. Markets Reign ........................................ 213
13 The Business School and the MBA Become "Global" ............ 215
US Business Schools: A Transforming and Spreading Model .... 215
Becoming More Market-driven at Home ..................... 215
Accreditation: A US Institution Expanding - and
Replicated - Internationally ............................ 217
Media Rankings: Defining and Measuring Reputation ....... 222
Globalizing the "Business School" and the "MBA" ............ 223
Expansion in Europe: Still in Different Ways and to
Varying Degrees ......................................... 224
Expansion in Asia and Latin America: Governments
Intervene ............................................... 226
New Areas of Expansion .................................. 227
Internationalization ....................................... 228
14 Consulting as Global Big Business .......................... 234
The End of Engineering? Kind of... ......................... 234
IT and its Beneficiaries: Established Actors and
Newcomers .................................................. 236
The Accountants: Forward to the Past? ................... 236
From the Margins to the Center of the Field: IT Firms ... 241
The Marginal and Ephemeral: Inside Out and "Fast Five" .. 244
Strategy and Organization Consulting: Melting Ice Cubes? ... 246
15 Mergers and Mass Markets in Media .......................... 255
Publishers: Concentration among Multinational Multimedia
Companies .................................................. 255
Wiley, Harper, Macmillan, and McGraw-Hill:
Considerable Changes .................................... 255
Further Restructuration of the Field .................... 258
The Busitiess Press: Changing Ownerships in Booming
Markets .................................................... 263
Academic Journals: Scholars and Publishers in Interaction .. 265
Another Dozen FT45 Journals ............................. 265
Significant Papers and Author Origins ................... 268
Further Growth in Journals .............................. 271
Looking Ahead .............................................. 273
16 Conclusions: Commoditizing Management? ..................... 280
Processes: The Trajectories of the Three Fields ............ 280
From Survival to Legitimacy and Authority ............... 280
Toward a Single US-dominated Global Model? .............. 284
From Missionary Zeal to Market-orientation .............. 287
Outcomes: Turning "Management" into a Global Commodity ..... 290
Final Considerations: Better Ways? ......................... 294
Index ......................................................... 297
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