Acknowledgments ................................................ xi
Introduction: Eurasianism—Marginal or Mainstream
in Contemporary Russia? ......................................... 1
The Historical Roots of the Eurasianist Idea ................. 2
Neo-Eurasianism and Its Place in Post-Soviet Russia .......... 4
Neo-Eurasianist Doctrine and Russian Foreign Policy .......... 7
Marginal or Mainstream? ...................................... 9
Premises of This Study ...................................... 12
Plan of the Book ............................................ 14
1 Early Eurasianism, 1920-1930 ................................ 16
The Life and Death of a Current of Thought .................. 17
A Philosophy of Politics .................................... 25
A Geographic Ideology ....................................... 31
An Ambiguous Orientalism .................................... 40
Conclusions ................................................. 46
2 Lev Gumilev: A Theory of Ethnicity? ......................... 50
From Dissidence to Public Endorsement: An Atypical
Biography ................................................... 51
"The Last Eurasianist"? ..................................... 55
Gumilev's Episteme: Subjecting the Humanities to the
Natural Sciences ............................................ 60
Theories of the Ethnos or Naturalistic Determinism .......... 65
The Complex History of the Eurasian Totality ................ 70
Xenophobia, Mixophobia, and Anti-Semitism ................... 74
Gumilev, Russian Nationalism, and Soviet Ethnology .......... 77
Conclusions ................................................. 81
3 Aleksandr Panarin: Philosophy of History and the
Revival of Culturalism ...................................... 83
Is There a Unified Neo-Eurasianist Theory? .................. 84
From Liberalism to Conservatism: Panarin's Intellectual
Biography ................................................... 86
"Civilizationism" and "Postmodernism" ....................... 89
Rehabilitating Empire: "Civilizational" Pluralism and
Ecumenical Theocracy ........................................ 95
Highlighting Russia's "Internal East" ...................... 101
Conclusions ................................................ 105
4 Aleksandr Dugin: A Russian Version of the European
Radical Right? ............................................. 107
Dugin's Social Trajectory and Its Significance ............. 108
A Russian Version of Antiglobalism: Dugin's Geopolitical
Theories ................................................... 115
Traditionalism as the Foundation of Dugin's Thought ........ 120
The Russian Proponent of the New Right? .................... 126
Fascism, Conservative Revolution, and National
Bolshevism ................................................. 131
A Veiled Anti-Semitism ..................................... 135
Ethno-Differentialism and the Idea of Russian
Distinctiveness ............................................ 138
Conclusions ................................................ 141
5 The View from "Within": Non-Russian Neo-Eurasianism
and Islam .................................................. 145
The Emergence of Muslim Eurasianist Political Parties ...... 146
The Eurasianist Games of the Russian Muftiates ............. 155
Tatarstan: The Pragmatic Eurasianism of Russia's
"Ethnic" Regions ........................................... 162
Conclusions ................................................ 169
6 Neo-Eurasianism in Kazakhstan and Turkey ................... 171
Kazakhstan: Eurasianism in Power ........................... 171
The Turkish Case: On the Confusion between Turkism,
Pan-Turkism, and Eurasianism ............................... 188
Conclusion: The Evolution of the Eurasian(ist) Idea ........... 202
The Unity of Eurasianism ................................... 204
Organicism at the Service of Authoritarianism:
"Revolution" or "Conservatism"? ............................ 209
Nationalism: Veiled or Openly Espoused: The Cultural
Racism of Eurasianism ...................................... 211
Science, Political Movement, or Think Tank? ................ 214
Is Eurasianism Relevant to Explanations of Contemporary
Geopolitical Change? ....................................... 217
Psychological Compensation or Part of a Global
Phenomenon? ................................................ 219
Notes ......................................................... 223
Bibliography .................................................. 255
Index ......................................................... 269
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