 | Gaisser T.K. Cosmic rays and particle physics / T.K.Gaisser, R.Engel, E.Resconi. - [2nd ed.]. - Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2016. - xiv, 444 p.: ill., tab. - Bibliogr.: p.402-440. - Ind.: p.441-444.
- ISBN 978-0-521-01646-9
Шифр: (И/B38-G14) 02
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Preface to the first edition ................................... xi
Preface to the second edition ................................ xiii
1 Cosmic rays .................................................. 1
1.1 What are cosmic rays? ................................... 1
1.2 Objective of this book .................................. 1
1.3 Types of cosmic ray experiment .......................... 3
1.4 Composition of cosmic rays .............................. 6
1.5 Energy spectra .......................................... 7
1.6 Energy density of cosmic rays .......................... 10
2 Cosmic ray data ............................................. 12
2.1 Lessons from the heliosphere ........................... 13
2.2 Measurements with spectrometers ........................ 17
2.3 Measurements with calorimeters ......................... 20
2.4 Spectrum of all nucleons ............................... 22
2.5 Indirect measurements at high energy ................... 23
2.6 Primary composition from air shower experiments ........ 28
3 Particle physics ............................................ 30
3.1 Historical relation of cosmic ray and particle
physics ................................................ 30
3.2 The Standard Model of particle physics ................. 32
3.3 Quark model of hadrons and hadron masses ............... 41
3.4 Oscillation of neutral mesons .......................... 45
3.5 Electron-positron annihilation ......................... 47
3.6 Weak decays ............................................ 49
3.7 QCD-improved parton model and high-pi processes ........ 52
3.8 Concepts for describing low-pi processes ............... 60
4 Hadronie interactions and accelerator data .................. 65
4.1 Basics ................................................. 65
4.2 Total and elastic cross sections ....................... 72
4.3 Phenomenology of particle production ................... 84
4.4 Nuclear targets and projectiles ........................ 97
4.5 Hadronie interaction of photons ....................... 101
4.6 Extrapolation to very high energy ..................... 105
5 Cascade equations .......................................... 107
5.1 Basic equation and boundary conditions ................ 107
5.2 Boundary conditions ................................... 109
5.3 Energy loss by charged particles ...................... 110
5.4 Electrons, positrons and photons ...................... 111
5.5 Nucleons in the atmosphere ............................ 116
5.6 Hadrons in the atmosphere ............................. 119
5.7 The atmosphere ........................................ 121
5.8 Meson fluxes .......................................... 122
6 Atmospheric muons and neutrinos ............................ 126
6.1 Meson decay ........................................... 126
6.2 Production of muons and muon neutrinos ................ 129
6.3 Muons in the atmosphere ............................... 133
6.4 Relation to primary energy ............................ 135
6.5 Muon charge ratio ..................................... 137
6.6 Neutrinos in the atmosphere ........................... 140
6.7 Non-power law primary spectrum and scaling
violations ............................................ 147
7 Neutrino masses and oscillations ........................... 149
7.1 Neutrino mixing ....................................... 149
7.2 Oscillation in vacuum ................................. 153
7.3 Oscillation in matter ................................. 157
7.4 Neutrino mass hierarchy ............................... 159
7.5 Oscillation over astronomical distances ............... 160
8 Muons and neutrinos underground ............................ 163
8.1 Passage of muons through matter ....................... 164
8.2 Atmospheric muons underground ......................... 166
8.3 Neutrinos underground ................................. 170
8.4 Prompt leptons ........................................ 179
8.5 Seasonal variation of atmospheric muons and
neutrinos ............................................. 183
9 Cosmic rays in the Galaxy .................................. 186
9.1 Cosmic ray transport in the Galaxy .................... 187
9.2 The Galaxy ............................................ 189
9.3 Models of propagation ................................. 191
10 Extragalactic propagation of cosmic rays ................... 204
10.1 Energy loss for protons and neutrons .................. 205
10.2 Photodisintegration of nuclei ......................... 210
10.3 Secondary particle production ......................... 212
10.4 The role of magnetic fields ........................... 217
11 Astrophysical у-rays and neutrinos ......................... 220
11.1 у-rays from decay of я0 ............................... 220
11.2 Production of gamma rays by electron bremsstrahlung ... 224
11.3 Diffuse у-rays from the Galactic plane ................ 225
11.4 Neutrinos from the Galactic plane ..................... 228
11.5 Spectrum of electrons ................................. 230
11.6 Positrons ............................................. 231
11.7 Cosmic rays and у-rays in external galaxies ........... 233
12 Acceleration ............................................... 236
12.1 Power ................................................. 237
12.2 Shock acceleration .................................... 237
12.3 Acceleration at supernova blast waves ................. 243
12.4 Nonlinear shock acceleration .......................... 246
12.5 The knee of the cosmic ray spectrum ................... 254
12.6 Acceleration to higher energy ......................... 255
13 Supernovae in the Milky Way ................................ 258
13.1 The Milky Way galaxy .................................. 258
13.2 Supernovae ............................................ 263
13.3 The compact remnant: neutron stars and black holes .... 267
13.4 High-energy binary systems ............................ 270
13.5 Supernova remnants .................................... 271
13.6 Pulsar wind nebulae ................................... 278
13.7 Examples of supernova remnants ........................ 279
14 Astrophysical accelerators and beam dumps .................. 282
14.1 Radiative processes in beam dumps ..................... 282
14.2 Active galactic nuclei ................................ 289
14.3 Gamma ray bursts ...................................... 295
15 Electromagnetic cascades ................................... 302
15.1 Basic features of cascades ............................ 302
15.2 Analytic solutions in cascade theory .................. 304
15.3 Approximations for total number of particles .......... 309
15.4 Fluctuations .......................................... 310
15.5 Lateral spread ........................................ 311
16 Extensive air showers ...................................... 313
16.1 Basic features of air showers ......................... 313
16.2 The Heitler-Matthews splitting model .................. 315
16.3 Muons in air showers .................................. 316
16.4 Nuclei and the superposition model .................... 320
16.5 Elongation rate theorem ............................... 323
16.6 Shower universality and cross section measurement ..... 324
16.7 Particle detector arrays .............................. 326
16.8 Atmospheric Cherenkov light detectors ................. 330
16.9 Fluorescence telescopes ............................... 334
16.10 Radio signal detection ............................... 337
17 Very high energy cosmic rays ............................... 341
17.1 The knee of the spectrum .............................. 342
17.2 Depth of shower maximum and composition ............... 345
17.3 Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays ......................... 348
17.4 Sources of extragalactic cosmic rays .................. 351
17.5 Future experiments .................................... 355
18 Neutrino astronomy ......................................... 356
18.1 Motivation for a kilometer-scale neutrino telescope ... 357
18.2 From DUMAND to IceCube and beyond ..................... 358
18.3 Signals and backgrounds in a neutrino detector ........ 359
18.4 Event types ........................................... 362
18.5 Searching for point sources of neutrinos .............. 363
18.6 Observation of astrophysical neutrinos ................ 365
18.7 Sources of astrophysical neutrinos .................... 368
18.8 Multi-messenger astronomy ............................. 372
Appendix ...................................................... 374
A.1 Units, constants and definitions ...................... 374
A.2 References to flux measurements ....................... 374
A.3 Particle flux, density and interaction cross section .. 375
A.4 Fundamentals of scattering theory ..................... 378
A.5 Regge amplitude ....................................... 384
A.6 Glauber model of nuclear cross sections ............... 386
A.7 Earth's atmosphere .................................... 390
A.8 Longitudinal development of air showers ............... 391
A.9 Secondary positrons and electrons ..................... 393
A.10 Liouville's theorem and cosmic ray propagation ........ 395
A.11 Cosmology and distance measures ....................... 397
A.12 The Hillas splitting algorithm ........................ 399
References .................................................... 402
Index ......................................................... 441
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