 | Francke T. Position-sensitive gaseous photomultipliers: research and applications / T.Francke, V.Peskov. - Hershey: Engineering science reference (an imprint of IGI Global), 2016. - xx, 21-24, 562 p.: ill. - (Advances in chemical and materials engineering (ASME) book series) (Premier reference source). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Compilation of references: p.526-557. - Ind.: p.559-562. - ISBN 978-1-5225-0242-5; ISSN 2327-5448
Шифр: (И/ З 85-F85) 02
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Preface ......................................................... x
Acknowledgment ................................................. xx
Introduction ................................................... 21
Chapter 1 Conversion of UV and Visible Photons to
Photoelectrons .................................................. 1
1 PHOTOIONIZATION OF GASES ..................................... 1
2 LIQUID PHOTOCATHODES ......................................... 2
3 SOLID PHOTOCATHODES .......................................... 4
CONCLUSIVE REMARKS .............................................. 7
Chapter 2 Electron Multiplication and Electron Multipliers ..... 9
l ELECTRON AVALANCHE MULTIPLICATION IN GASES ................... 9
2 SECONDARY PROCESSES DURING AVALANCHE DEVELOPMENTS ........... 11
3 THE MAIN DESIGNS OF AVALANCHE GASEOUS DETECTORS AND THE
PRINCIPLE OF THEIR OPERATION ................................ 15
CONCLUSION AND REMARKS ...................................... 38
Chapter 3 Position-Sensitive Gaseous Photomultipliers Filled
with Photosensitive Vapours .................................... 49
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................ 49
2 SEARCH FOR VAPOURS WITH LOW IONIZATION POTENTIAL ............ 51
3 EXPERIENCES LEARNED WHEN OPERATING GASEOUS DETECTORS
FILLED WITH PHOTOSENSITIVE VAPOURS .......................... 63
4 THE SINGLE PHOTOELECTRON PULSE HEIGHT SPECTRUM .............. 71
5 AGING OF PHOTOSENSITIVE GASEOUS DETECTORS ................... 75
6 CATHODE EXCITATION .......................................... 80
7 LEAKAGE CURRENT IN DETECTORS FILLED WITH TMAE VAPOURS ....... 82
8 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS .......................................... 84
Chapter 4 Liquid Photocathodes ................................ 91
1 INTRODUCTION: EARLY OBSERVATIONS ............................ 91
2 SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF TMAE BASED PHOTOCATHODES .............. 93
3 OTHER LIQUID PHOTOCATHODES ................................. 108
4 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ......................................... 115
Chapter 5 Early Work on UV Sensitive Solid Photocathodes
for Gaseous Detectors ......................................... 119
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 119
2 A MWPC COMBINED WITH A CUI PHOTOCATHODE .................... 121
3 OTHER SOLID PHOTOCATHODES .................................. 124
4 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ......................................... 130
Chapter 6 Csl and Cs2Te Photocathodes ........................ 137
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 137
2 Csl PHOTOCATHODES .......................................... 140
3 A Cs2Te PHOTOCATHODE ....................................... 200
4 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ......................................... 205
Chapter 7 Gaseous Detectors Sensitive to Visible Light ....... 220
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 220
2 EARLY WORK ON GASEOUS DETECTORS SENSITIVE TO VISIBLE
LIGHT ...................................................... 222
3 MASTERING PHOTOCATHODE MANUFACTURING ....................... 232
4 SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF PHOTOCATHODE PROTECTION .............. 238
5 HOLE TYPE GASEOUS PHOTOMULTIPLIERS ......................... 242
6 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ......................................... 266
Chapter 8 Alternative Position Sensitive Photomultipliers .... 273
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 273
2 MULTI-ANODE PMTs ........................................... 277
3 MCP-BASED POSITION SENSITIVE PMTs .......................... 282
4 HYBRID VACUUM PHOTODETECTORS ............................... 292
5 THE MAIN APPLICATIONS OF POSITION SENSITIVE VACUUM PMTs .... 298
6 SOLID-STATE DETECTORS ...................................... 300
7 APPLICATION OF SOLID-STATE DETECTORS ....................... 306
8 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ......................................... 309
Chapter 9 Cherenkov Light .................................... 317
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 317
2 CHERENKOV LIGHT ............................................ 317
3 GENERAL THEORY ............................................. 320
4 CONCLUSION AND REMARKS ..................................... 333
Chapter 10 The History of Cherenkov Detectors ................ 336
1 CHERENKOV DETECTORS ........................................ 336
2 THE PIONEERS ............................................... 337
3 THE BIRTH OF RICH COUNTERS ................................. 339
4 MODERN RICH COUNTERS ....................................... 342
5 CONCLUSION AND REMARKS ..................................... 344
Chapter 11 A NaF RICH Counter ................................ 346
1 THE HISTORY OF THE NaF RICH PROJECT: THE CPLEAR
SPECTROMETER ............................................... 346
2 THE CONVENTIONAL CHERENKOV COUNTER ......................... 348
3 THE NaF RICH COUNTER ....................................... 349
4 THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE NaF RICH DETECTOR USING A
QUARTZ WINDOW AND PAD READOUT .............................. 359
5 SEPARATION POWER ........................................... 373
6 CONCLUSION ................................................. 377
Chapter 12 Performance of the CAPRICE94 RICH Detector
during the 1994 Balloon Flight ................................ 381
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 381
2 THE CAPRICE94 RICH DETECTOR ................................ 382
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ....................................... 383
4 CONCLUSION ................................................. 390
Chapter 13 Performance of the CAPRICE98 Balloon Borne
Gas-RICH Detector ............................................. 393
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 393
2 THE GAS-RICH DETECTOR ...................................... 394
3 RESULTS FROM FLIGHT DATA ................................... 401
4 CONCLUSION ................................................. 412
Chapter 14 CsI-RICH Detectors ................................ 417
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 417
2 CsI-MWPC RICH DETECTORS .................................... 418
3 CsI-GEM RICH DETECTORS ..................................... 426
4 CsI-TGEM/RETGEM RICH DETECTORS ............................. 430
5 THE COMPASS RICH UPGRADE ................................... 437
6 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ......................................... 438
Chapter 15 Other Applications of Photo-Sensitive Detectors ... 443
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 443
2 PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS ......................................... 443
3 SPECTROSCOPY ............................................... 448
4 ASTROPHYSICS ............................................... 453
5 DETECTION OF SPARKS AND FLAMES ............................. 454
6 PHOTOSENSITIVE GASEOUS DETECTORS FOR THE READOUT OF
SCINTILLATORS .............................................. 472
7 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ......................................... 487
Conclusion .................................................... 498
Appendix ...................................................... 312
Glossary ...................................................... 522
Compilation of References ..................................... 526
About the Authors ............................................. 558
Index ......................................................... 559
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