Table of Cases ............................................... xvii
Table of Legislation ......................................... xlix
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1 History
A The Evolution of International Institutions ............... 1.01
1 The World Intellectual Property Organization and
the World Trade Organization ........................... 1.01
2 The European Patent Organization and the European
Union .................................................. 1.04
3 Trilateral Patent Office Initiatives and Beyond ........ 1.07
B United States ............................................. 1.10
1 Early Patent System: 1730-1869 ......................... 1.10
2 Anti-Patent Era: 1870-1982 ............................. 1.14
3 Pro-Patent Era: 1980-2012 .............................. 1.20
4 American Invents Act: 2012-present ..................... 1.23
C Getmany ................................................... 1.26
1 Pre-Patent Era in Germany .............................. 1.26
2 Patents in the Nazi Era ................................ 1.30
3 Post-World War II ...................................... 1.35
4 The EPC and Patent Harmonization in the EU ............. 1.39
D Japan ..................................................... 1.49
1 Meiji Restoration ...................................... 1.49
2 Major Developments through the Twentieth Century ....... 1.54
3 Pro-Patent Era ......................................... 1.57
2 Patent Enforcement Institutions
A United States ............................................. 2.01
1 Overview ............................................... 2.01
2 Courts ................................................. 2.03
3 USPTO .................................................. 2.15
4 US International Trade Commission ...................... 2.17
B Germany ................................................... 2.19
1 Overview ............................................... 2.19
2 Patent Offices—EPO and GPTO ............................ 2.20
3 Courts ................................................. 2.28
4 Customs Office ......................................... 2.56
C Japan ..................................................... 2.60
1 Overview ............................................... 2.60
2 Courts ................................................. 2.62
3 Japan Patent Office .................................... 2.70
4 Customs Office ......................................... 2.73
PART II. INFRINGEMENT
3 Introduction
4 United States
A Acts of Infringement ................................... 4.01
1 Direct Infringement .................................... 4.01
2 Indirect Infringement .................................. 4.06
3 Patent Term and Extension .............................. 4.10
4 Extraterritorial Infringement .......................... 4.12
B Extent of Patent Protection ............................... 4.17
1 Overview ............................................... 4.17
2 Infringement Analysis .................................. 4.22
3 Claim Construction ..................................... 4.32
4 Application of Construed Claims to Accused Embodiment .. 4.83
5 Doctrine of Equivalents ................................ 4.91
5 Germany
A Acts of Infringement ...................................... 5.01
1 Direct Infringement .................................... 5.01
2 Indirect Infringement .................................. 5.25
3 Extraterritorial Infringement .......................... 5.41
4 Exemptions to Patent Infringement ...................... 5.51
5 Patent Term and Extension .............................. 5.56
B Extent of Patent Protection ............................... 5.61
1 Overview ............................................... 5.61
2 Infringement Analysis .................................. 5.63
3 Claim Construction ..................................... 5.68
4 Application of Construed Claims to Accused
Embodiment ............................................ 5.107
5 Doctrine of Equivalents ............................... 5.110
6 Japan
A Acts of Infringement ...................................... 6.01
1 Direct Infringement .................................... 6.01
2 Indirect Infringement .................................. 6.13
3 Patent Term and Extension .............................. 6.20
4 Extraterritorial Infringement .......................... 6.23
B Extent of Patent Protection ............................... 6.25
1 Overview ............................................... 6.25
2 Infringement Analysis .................................. 6.29
3 Claim Construction ..................................... 6.38
4 Application of Construed Claims to Accused Embodiment .. 6.69
5 Doctrine of Equivalents ................................ 6.72
PART III. VALIDITY CHALLENGE
7 United States
A Introduction .............................................. 7.01
B Fundamental Rules ......................................... 7.04
1 Claim Construction ..................................... 7.04
2 Burden of Proof ........................................ 7.08
3 Doctrines to Preclude an Invalidity Defense ............ 7.10
4 Amendment .............................................. 7.12
5 Measures to Prevent Conflicting Validity Decisions ..... 7.18
6 Estoppel ............................................... 7.24
C Non-Coutt Patent Validity Procedures at the USPTO ......... 7.26
1 Ex Parte Re-examination ................................ 7.26
2 Inter Partes Rev lew ................................... 7.35
3 Post-grant Review ...................................... 7.44
4 Special Post-grant Review for Business Methods ......... 7.49
5 Interference Proceedings ............................... 7.52
6 Derivation Proceedings ................................. 7.56
7 Submission of Prior Art ................................ 7.62
8 Reissue ................................................ 7.63
9 Patentability Validity Defenses in Civil Actions ....... 7.67
10 Other Type of Defenses ................................ 7.106
8 Germany
A Out-of-Court Invalidation Procedures ...................... 8.05
1 Opposition at the GPTO ................................. 8.05
2 Opposition at the EPO .................................. 8.18
3 Limitation Proceedings at the GPTO and EPO ............. 8.30
B Coutt Invalidation Procedures ............................. 8.35
1 Handling of a Defense Based on Lack of Validity
Raised in a German Infringement Court .................. 8.35
2 Invalidity Litigation ("Nullity Suit") at the German
Patent Court ........................................... 8.36
C Patentability and Validity Challenges ..................... 8.46
1 Challenges Regarding Patentability—Filing of
Third-party Observations ............................... 8.54
2 Patent Eligibility (Not an Invention, Excluded
Inventions) ............................................ 8.66
3 Lack of Novelty (Article 54 EPC) ....................... 8.74
4 Lack of an Inventive Step (Obviousness) (Article 56
EPC) ................................................... 8.87
5 Lack of Industrial Applicability (Article 57 EPC) ...... 8.99
6 Lack of Enablement (Sufficiency) ...................... 8.113
7 Inadmissible Broadening ............................... 8.124
8 Derivation (Entitlement) .............................. 8.137
9 Scope of the Validity Challenge—Nullity Proceedings ... 8.140
D Other Defenses in Litigation Proceedings ................. 8.142
1 Derivation/Lack of Entitlement ........................ 8.143
2 (Co-)Ownership in Cases of Inventions by Employees .... 8.144
3 License ............................................... 8.145
4 Patent Misuse ......................................... 8.146
5 Laches and Estoppels, in Particular Prosecution
History Estoppels ..................................... 8.147
6 Double Patenting ...................................... 8.152
7 Prior Right and Prior Use Right ....................... 8.157
8 Compulsory License for Technology Standard ............ 8.160
9 Experimental Use Exemption ............................ 8.161
10 Exhaustion ............................................ 8.162
9 Japan
A Introduction .............................................. 9.01
B Patent Invalidation Procedures ............................ 9.04
1 Overview ............................................... 9.04
2 Correction of Claims ................................... 9.13
3 Opposition Procedure ................................... 9.15
4 Comparison with Invalidity Defense at Infringement
Procedure .............................................. 9.16
5 Measures to Prevent Delay and Conflicting Validity
Decisions .............................................. 9.23
C Patentability Invalidity Defenses ......................... 9.28
1 Comparison between Grounds for Rejection and
Invalidity ............................................. 9.28
2 Frequently Cited Invalidity Grounds .................... 9.30
3 Inventorship and Ownership ............................. 9.34
D Other Types of Defenses ................................... 9.38
1 Private Use and Experimental Use Exception ............. 9.38
2 Prior User Right and Intervening Right ................. 9.42
3 Employee Inventions: Shop Right ........................ 9.47
4 Licenses ............................................... 9.50
5 Exhaustion ............................................. 9.53
PART IV. ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURE
10 United States
A Jurisdiction ............................................. 10.01
1 Subject Matter Jurisdiction ........................... 10.02
2 Venue ................................................. 10.03
3 International Jurisdiction ............................ 10.09
B Parties .................................................. 10.13
1 Standing to Sue ....................................... 10.14
2 Defendants ............................................ 10.18
C Costs .................................................... 10.22
1 Court Fees and Other Costs ............................ 10.23
2 Attorney's Fees ....................................... 10.25
D Procedure ................................................ 10.26
1 Procedure Overview and Pending Time ................... 10.26
2 Pleading Standard ..................................... 10.28
3 Evidence Collection ................................... 10.31
4 Jury Trial ............................................ 10.52
5 Border Measures/ITC Proceedings ....................... 10.57
6 Pre-trial Proceedings ................................. 10.72
7 Appeals ............................................... 10.78
E Other Types of Actions ................................... 10.87
1 Declaratory Judgment Action ........................... 10.87
2 Preliminary Injunction ................................ 10.90
11 Germany
A Jurisdiction and Venue ................................... 11.01
1 Subject Matter Jurisdiction ........................... 11.01
2 Venue ................................................. 11.04
3 International Jurisdiction ............................ 11.08
B Parties .................................................. 11.11
1 Standing to Sue ....................................... 11.12
2 Defendants ............................................ 11.20
C Costs .................................................... 11.23
1 Court Fees ............................................ 11.23
2 Customary Costs for Legal Representation .............. 11.31
D Procedure ................................................ 11.37
1 Procedural Overview and Pending Time .................. 11.37
2 Evidence Procedure .................................... 11.47
3 Border Measures ....................................... 11.77
4 Pre-trial Measures ................................... 11.100
E Other Important Proceedings ............................. 11.114
1 Declaratory Judgment Action .......................... 11.114
2 Preliminary Injunction ............................... 11.123
12 Japan
A Jurisdiction ............................................. 12.01
1 Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Venue ................. 12.01
2 International Jurisdiction ............................ 12.02
3 Results of Judicial Reform ............................ 12.09
B Parties .................................................. 12.13
1 Standing to Sue ....................................... 12.13
2 Defendants ............................................ 12.15
C Costs .................................................... 12.17
1 Court Fees ............................................ 12.18
2 Attorneys' Fees ....................................... 12.20
D Procedure ................................................ 12.22
1 Procedure Overview and Pending Time ................... 12.22
2 Evidence Collection ................................... 12.26
3 Border Measures ....................................... 12.44
4 Pre-trial Proceedings ................................. 12.49
E Other Important Proceedings .............................. 12.55
1 Declaratory Judgment Action ........................... 12.55
2 Preliminary Injunction ................................ 12.59
PART V. REMEDIES
13 United States
A Claim for Injunctive Relief .............................. 13.01
1 Requirements .......................................... 13.02
2 Scope of Injunction Order ............................. 13.19
3 Execution of Injunction Order ......................... 13.23
B Exclusion Order .......................................... 13.26
C Claim for Damages ........................................ 13.38
1 Requirements .......................................... 13.39
2 Methods of Calculation ................................ 13.42
3 Increased Damages and Attorney Fees ................... 13.71
D Claim for Destruction .................................... 13.83
14 Germany
A Claim for Injunctive Relief .............................. 14.02
1 Requirements .......................................... 14.02
2 Scope of the Claim .................................... 14.05
3 Compulsory Enforcement ................................ 14.08
B Claim for Damages ........................................ 14.11
1 Requirements .......................................... 14.11
2 Calculation of Damages ................................ 14.14
C Claim on Account of Unjust Enrichment .................... 14.30
D Claims for Destruction, Recall, and Removal from
Distribution Channels .................................... 14.31
1 Claim for Destruction ................................. 14.31
2 Claims for Recall and Removal from Distribution
Channels .............................................. 14.33
E Claim for Information ................................. 14.38
1 Patent Act Information Disclosure Claim ............... 14.39
2 Civil Code Information Disclosure Claim ............... 14.43
15 Japan
A Injunctive Relief ........................................ 15.01
1 Requirements .......................................... 15.01
2 Scope ................................................. 15.02
3 Compulsory Enforcement ................................ 15.04
B Damages .................................................. 15.06
1 Requirements .......................................... 15.07
2 Calculation of the Amount of Damages .................. 15.09
C Unjust Enrichment ........................................ 15.25
D Claim for Destruction .................................... 15.26
PART VI. BEST PRACTICE
16 Analysis and Proposal of Best Practice
A Comparative Analysis ..................................... 16.01
1 Introduction .......................................... 16.01
2 Extent of Patent Protection ........................... 16.03
3 Defenses .............................................. 16.15
4 Validity Challenge Procedures ......................... 16.19
5 Enforcement Procedure ................................. 16.26
6 Remedies .............................................. 16.31
B Proposal of Best Practice ................................ 16.37
1 Introduction .......................................... 16.37
2 Extent of Patent Protection ........................... 16.40
3 Defenses .............................................. 16.43
4 Validity Challenges ................................... 16.45
5 Procedure ............................................. 16.50
6 Remedies .............................................. 16.55
Index ......................................................... 451
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