Chapter 1. Background of the Belt and Road International Trade
Pivot Cities .................................................... 1
I Research Objective: Pivot Cities, Key to the
Implementation of the Belt and Road ......................... 3
II Significance of Research: Identification of the Right
Pivot Cities Key to Unimpeded Trade ......................... 5
III Literature Review: Research on the Belt and Road
International Trade Pivot Cities ........................... 10
Chapter 2. Tracing the Ancient Silk Road and International
Trade Pivot Cities along the Line .............................. 19
I The International Trade Pivot Cities along the Land Silk
Road in Ancient Times ...................................... 24
II The International Trade Pivot Cities along the Ancient
Maritime Silk Road ......................................... 34
III Overseas Cities Prospered from the Silk Road ............... 42
IV The Economic and Cultural Exchanges along the Land Silk
Road ....................................................... 45
Review ..................................................... 49
Chapter 3. Theoretical Basis for the Belt and Road
International Trade Pivot Cities ............................... 51
I International Trade Theories ............................... 53
II Theory of Urban Competitiveness ............................ 55
III Geopolitical Theories ...................................... 59
IV Geoeconomics Theories ...................................... 63
V Other Relevant Theories on International Trade and
Investment ................................................. 67
Chapter 4. Research on the Belt and Road International Trade
Pivot Cities Ranking System .................................... 73
I Comprehensive Evaluation Method of the Belt and Road
International Trade Pivot Cities ........................... 75
1 Principal Component Analysis ............................ 76
2 Expert Grading .......................................... 77
II Belt and Road International Trade Pivot Cities Evaluation
System ..................................................... 78
1 Basic Principles ........................................ 78
2 Evaluation System ....................................... 78
3 Index Analysis of the Belt and Road International
Trade Pivot Cities Evaluation System .................... 80
III Ranking of Belt and Road International Trade Pivot
Cities ..................................................... 88
1 Ranking of Belt and Road International Trade Pivot
Cities .................................................. 89
2 Ranking of Belt and Road International Trade Pivot
Cities Based on Sub-indices ............................. 92
3 Analysis of the Ranking of Belt and Road International
Trade Pivot Cities ...................................... 94
Chapter 5. Trade Hubs: Belt and Road International Trade
Advantageous Pivot Cities ...................................... 97
I Shanghai .................................................. 100
II Beijing ................................................... 105
III Shenzhen .................................................. 1ll
IV Guangzhou ................................................. 116
V Chongqing ................................................. 121
VI Hangzhou .................................................. 127
VII Tianjin ................................................... 132
VIII Suzhou ................................................... 138
Review .................................................... 143
Chapter 6. Finely Poised: Belt and Road International Trade
Potential Pivot Cities ........................................ 145
I Yiwu ...................................................... 147
II Zhangjiagang .............................................. 156
III Taicang ................................................... 160
IV Wenzhou ................................................... 166
V Nantong ................................................... 171
VI Chengdu ................................................... 176
Review .................................................... 181
Chapter 7. Leverages on the Surrounding Areas: Belt and Road
International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities .................... 183
I Belt and Road International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities
along the New Eurasian Land Bridge ........................ 186
1 Xi'an .................................................. 187
2 Lianyungang ............................................ 193
3 Lanzhou ................................................ 198
4 Zhengzhou .............................................. 202
II Belt and Road International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities
along the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor ......... 206
1 Harbin ................................................. 207
2 Hohhot ................................................. 212
III Belt and Road International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities
along the China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor .. 215
1 Urumqi ................................................. 216
2 Yinchuan ............................................... 222
IV Belt and Road International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities
on the China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor ........ 227
l Nanning ................................................ 228
V Belt and Road International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities
on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor ................... 232
l Kashgar ................................................ 233
VI Belt and Road International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities
on the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor ... 237
1 Kunming ................................................ 238
2 Ruili .................................................. 241
VII Belt and Road International Trade Strategic Pivot Cities
along the Maritime Silk Road .............................. 244
VIII Pivot Cities on the Belt and Road
1 Xiamen ................................................. 245
2 Ningbo ................................................. 249
3 Quanzhou ............................................... 252
4 Qingdao ................................................ 256
5 Fuzhou ................................................. 260
6 Dalian ................................................. 263
Review .................................................... 268
Chapters 8. Research on Types of International Trade Pivot
Cities Abroad along the Belt and Road ......................... 271
I Advantageous International Trade Pivot Cities ............. 274
1 Singapore .............................................. 274
2 London ................................................. 279
3 Rotterdam .............................................. 283
4 Hamburg ................................................ 287
5 Dubai .................................................. 290
II Potential International Trade Pivot Cities ................ 293
1 Almaty ................................................. 293
2 Istanbul ............................................... 296
3 Aubervilliers .......................................... 298
III Strategic International Trade Pivot Cities ................ 300
1 Kabul .................................................. 300
2 Tashkent ............................................... 304
3 Tehran ................................................. 309
4 Ulan Bator ............................................. 313
5 Gwadar ................................................. 315
Review .................................................... 318
Chapter 9. Policy Suggestions on the Construction of
International Trade Pivot Cities -f' along the Belt and Road .. 319
I Promote Unimpeded Trade ................................... 322
II Three Types of Cities Develop in a Coordinated Manner ..... 325
III Overall Planning with an Orderly Implementation ........... 327
IV Support the Construction of Ports in Pivot Cities ......... 329
References ................................................ 335
Appendixes .................................................... 345
Appendix I Vision and Actions on Jointly Building the Silk
Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century
Maritime Silk Road ............................... 345
Appendix II Q&A of Officials from the Leading Group on
Facilitating the Belt and Road Initiative ........ 360
Appendix III Three Aspects and 16 Measures for Implementing
the Belt and Road Initiative ..................... 373
Appendix IV Plan on the Layout of National Circulation Node
Cities for the Belt and Road ..................... 384
Appendix V Initiatives for Building International Trade
Pivot Cities along the Belt and Road ............. 404
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