Acknowledgments ................................................ ix
Table of Contents .............................................. xi
Summary ........................................................ xv
Zusammenfassung ............................................... vii
1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.1 Motivation ................................................. 1
1.2 Research Objectives ........................................ 2
1.3 Thesis Outline ............................................. 2
2 Mode Awareness and Mode Awareness Problems ................. 3
2.1 Content of Chapter ......................................... 3
2.2 Required Basics about Modes and Mode Awareness ............. 3
2.2.1 Definitions ......................................... 3
2.2.2 The Auto Flight System .............................. 4
2.2.3 Modes of the Auto Flight System ..................... 7
2.2.4 The Interface of the Auto Flight System ............ 13
2.2.5 Summary ............................................ 18
2.3 Mode Awareness Problems ................................... 19
2.3.1 Accidents due to Mode Awareness Problems ........... 19
2.3.2 Incidents due to Mode Awareness Problems ........... 25
2.3.3 Reported Mode Awareness Problems in Literature ..... 27
2.3.4 Reported Reasons for Mode Awareness Problems in
Literature ......................................... 32
2.3.5 Summary ............................................ 47
2.4 Conclusions of Chapter .................................... 50
3 Analysing Mode Awareness of Pilots ........................ 53
3.1 Content of Chapter ........................................ 53
3.2 Analysis of Today's Auto Flight System Interface .......... 54
3.2.1 Research Questions of Analysis ..................... 54
3.2.2 Analysis of Indications ............................ 54
3.2.3 Analysis of Indication Changes ..................... 58
3.2.4 Analysis of Indication Information ................. 66
3.2.5 Analysis of Interaction Information ................ 75
3.2.6 Analysis of Performance Information ................ 79
3.2.7 Summary ............................................ 82
3.3 Describing Mode Awareness ................................. 86
3.3.1 Attributes of Mode Awareness and New Definitions ... 86
3.3.2 Ways to Gain Mode Awareness and Their Possible
Problems ........................................... 87
3.3.3 Why Pilots do not always verify Mode Transitions
on the FMA ......................................... 90
3.3.4 Summary ............................................ 92
3.4 Simulator Experiments Part A .............................. 93
3.4.1 Research Questions of Experiments Part A ........... 93
3.4.2 Methodology ........................................ 93
3.4.3 Simulator .......................................... 95
3.4.4 Scenarios .......................................... 96
3.4.5 Procedure .......................................... 98
3.4.6 Participants ....................................... 99
3.4.7 Results ........................................... 100
3.4.8 Conclusions ....................................... 128
3.4.9 Summary ........................................... 131
3.5 Conclusions of Chapter ................................... 133
4 Improving Mode Awareness of Pilots ....................... 135
4.1 Content of Chapter ....................................... 135
4.2 Considerations ........................................... 136
4.2.1 Possible Solutions ................................ 136
4.2.2 Requirements for a New Auto Flight System
Interface ......................................... 139
4.3 The Auto Flight Control and Display Unit (ACDU) .......... 147
4.3.1 Concept of Interface .............................. 147
4.3.2 Indication of Mode Names, Target Values, and
Guidance .......................................... 149
4.3.3 Indication of Review, Preview and Outlook
Information ....................................... 164
4.3.4 Status Bar ........................................ 179
4.3.5 Indication of Control Behaviour ................... 181
4.3.6 Indication of Transition Conditions ............... 183
4.3.7 Indication of Interactions ........................ 184
4.3.8 Overview of Colours, Symbols, and Arrows .......... 186
4.3.9 Hardware .......................................... 188
4.3.10 Summary ........................................... 191
4.4 Simulator Experiments Part В ............................. 193
4.4.1 Research Question of Experiments Part В ........... 193
4.4.2 Methodology ....................................... 193
4.4.3 Simulator ......................................... 197
4.4.4 Scenarios ......................................... 197
4.4.5 Procedure ......................................... 198
4.4.6 Participants ...................................... 198
4.4.7 Results ........................................... 198
4.4.8 Conclusions ....................................... 236
4.4.9 Summary ........................................... 239
4.5 Conclusions of Chapter ................................... 241
5 Final Conclusions ........................................ 243
5.1 Impact ................................................... 243
5.2 Future Research .......................................... 246
List of Figures ............................................... 247
List of Tables ................................................ 261
List of Acronyms .............................................. 263
References .................................................... 269
Appendices .................................................... 279
Al Description of Flight from Zurich to Frankfurt (Chapter
3.2.3) .................................................... 279
A2 Tables with Values and Indications on FMA (Chapter
3.2.3) .................................................... 285
A3 Indication Information (Chapter 3.2.4) .................... 287
A4 Sequence of Scenarios (Chapter 3.4.5) ..................... 297
A5 Results of the Simulator Experiments Part A (Chapter
3.4.7) .................................................... 298
A6 Results of the Simulator Experiments Part В (Chapter
4.4.7) .................................................... 303
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