 | Bachmann M.M. Antenna pattern modeling and calibration for spaceborne SAR systems: Diss. - Dr.-Ing. / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, Oberpfaffenhofen. - Köln: DLR, 2016. - xx, 193 p.: ill. - (Forschungsbericht; 2016-36). - Res. also Germ. - Bibliogr.: p.175-192. - ISSN 1434-8454
Шифр: (Pr 1120/N 2016-36) 02
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Zusammenfassung ................................................. v
Abstract ...................................................... vii
Symbols and Acronyms ........................................... ix
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 SAR System Calibration and Antenna Pattern Modeling ..... 1
1.2 History of SAR Antenna Pattern Calibration .............. 3
1.3 Challenges of SAR Antenna Pattern Calibration ........... 3
1.4 Structure of this Work and Contributions ................ 6
2 Spaceborne SAR Imaging and Calibration ...................... 10
2.1 SAR Imaging Principles ................................. 10
2.2 SAR Image Processing ................................... 15
2.3 SAR Calibration ........................................ 15
2.4 The TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X Missions and Systems ....... 22
3 Antenna Model Design ........................................ 27
3.1 Literature Review and State of the Art ................. 28
3.2 Antenna Model Philosophy ............................... 30
3.3 Antenna Model Mathematics .............................. 37
3.4 Gain Pattern Modeling .................................. 41
3.5 Phase Pattern Modeling ................................. 46
3.6 Antenna Model Input Parameters ......................... 48
3.7 Correction Terms Applied on the Antenna Model .......... 55
3.8 Summary of the Antenna Model Design .................... 60
4 Antenna Pattern Optimization ................................ 61
4.1 Literature Review and State of the Art ................. 62
4.2 Optimization Goals ..................................... 63
4.3 Beamforming Fundamentals ............................... 70
4.4 Front-End Design and Signal Model ...................... 74
4.5 Algorithmic Design ..................................... 78
4.6 Optimization Results ................................... 85
4.7 Summary of the Antenna Pattern Optimization ............ 92
5 Antenna Model Verification Techniques ....................... 94
5.1 Verification Approach .................................. 94
5.2 In-Orbit Elevation Pattern Measurements ................ 95
5.3 In-Orbit Azimuth Pattern Measurements ................. 101
6 Antenna Model Verification Results ......................... 109
6.1 On-Ground Antenna Model Verification .................. 109
6.2 Antenna Pointing Calibration .......................... 112
6.3 Antenna Pattern Verification Results .................. 118
6.4 Antenna Pattern Monitoring ............................ 125
6.5 Phase Pattern Calibration Results ..................... 128
6.6 Summary of the Antenna Pattern Verification ........... 133
7 A Novel Antenna Model Self-Calibration Approach ............ 135
7.1 Discussion of Future SAR Systems ...................... 135
7.2 Antenna Model Self-Calibration Approach ............... 137
7.3 Analysis of the Swath Overlaps ........................ 139
7.4 Error Simulations ..................................... 141
7.5 Realization of the Antenna Model Calibration .......... 145
7.6 Calibration Results ................................... 147
7.7 Monitoring Results .................................... 149
7.8 Summary of the Self-Calibration Approach .............. 151
8 Conclusion ................................................. 152
8.1 Thesis Results and Contributions ...................... 152
8.2 Outlook ............................................... 156
A. Antenna Pattern Optimization with a Genetic Algorithm ...... 158
B. Rain Forest Test Sites ..................................... 161
C. Antenna Input Conventions Tests ............................ 162
D. Self-Calibration Approach - Additional Plots ............... 163
D.I. Comparability of Overlap Deviations of Different
Acquisitions .......................................... 163
D.2. Simulation Results .................................... 166
Bibliography .................................................. 175
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