1 Introduction ............................................... 6
1.1 Scientific Motivation ...................................... 7
1.2 Problem Statement and Objectives ........................... 7
1.3 Thesis Outline ............................................ 10
2 SAR Principles and Polarimetry ............................ 12
2.1 SAR Imaging Principles .................................... 12
2.1.1 Radar Cross Section and Speckle .................... 15
2.1.2 Geometrical Constraints ............................ 16
2.1.3 SAR Artifacts ...................................... 17
2.2 Polarimetric SAR Principles ............................... 20
2.2.1 Wave Polarimetry ................................... 21
2.2.2 Scattering Matrix and Pauli Vector ................. 22
2.2.3 Second Order Statistic ............................. 23
2.2.4 Eigenvalue decomposition ........................... 24
2.2.5 Model based decomposition .......................... 26
2.3 New Generation High Resolution SAR: TerraSAR-X ............ 27
2.3.1. First Spaceborne X-band SAR with coherent
Polarimetric capabilities .......................... 27
2.3.2. Experimental Dual Receive Antenna DRA mode ......... 28
3 Marine Pollution Detection and Discrimination ............. 29
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 29
3.1.1 Rough Surface Scattering ........................... 31
3.1.2 Bragg Surface Scattering ........................... 33
3.2 Oil spill monitoring by means of Single polarized SAR
data ...................................................... 34
3.2.1 State-of-the-Art in operational pollution
monitoring ......................................... 37
3.2.2 The Neural Network (NN) approach developed for
TerraSAR-X ......................................... 38
3.3 Observation of Marine Slicks exploiting the Co-Polar
channel correlation ....................................... 39
3.3.1 Co-Polarized Phase Difference (CPD) and Coherence .. 40
3.3.2 Case studies ....................................... 42
3.3.3 Polarimetric features extracted from the 2×2
Covariance Matrix .................................. 47
4 Marine Target Detection and Discrimination ................ 48
4.1 State of the Art .......................................... 50
4.1.1 Single Polarization Ship Detector .................. 51
4.1.2 Target Detector based on spectral analysis ......... 53
4.2 Multi-Polarization Target Detectors ....................... 57
4.2.1 Overview of target detection using multi
polarization SAR data .............................. 57
4.2.2 An approach for target detection using reflection
symmetry in Dual-Pol data .......................... 60
4-2.3 Results and algorithm validation ................... 61
4.3 Discrimination of False Positives caused by Azimuth
Ambiguity ................................................. 67
4-3.1 Removing Azimuth Ambiguities using Cross-Pol
channels ........................................... 71
4.3.2 Results and algorithm validation ................... 76
4.3.3 Discussion on alternative methodologies ............ 86
5 Synergy between SAR platforms for Maritime Surveillance ... 86
5.1 C-/X-band analysis and synergy ............................ 87
5.2 TanDEM-X constellation prospective for maritime
applications .............................................. 94
6 Summary ................................................... 98
6.1 Discussion and Conclusion ................................. 98
6.2 Outlook .................................................. 100
A. Relevant publications as part of the thesis .............. 102
A.l Velotto D., Migliaccio M., Nunziata F.,
Lehner S., 2011 .......................................... 102
Dual-polarized TerraSAR-X data for oil-spill
observation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing 49 (12): 4751-4762
A.2 Lehner S., Pleskachevsky A., Velotto D.,
Jacobsen S., 2013a ....................................... 115
Meteo-marine parameters and their variability
observed by high resolution satellite radar images.
Oceanography 26 (2): 80-91
A.3 Velotto D., Nunziata F., Migliaccio M., Lehner, S.,
2013b .................................................... 129
Dual-polarimetric TerraSAR-X SAR data for target at sea
observation. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Letters 10 (5): 1114-1118
A.4 Velotto D., Soccorsi M., Lehner S., 2014 ................. 135
Azimuth ambiguities removal for ship detection using
full Polarimetric X-Band SAR data. IEEE Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing 52 (1): 76-88
A.5 Velotto D., Bentes C., Tings В., Lehner S., 2015 ......... 149
First comparison of Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X data in
the framework of maritime targets detection: South
Italy case. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,
accepted for publication
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