Foreword to the Series ......................................... xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
Acknowlegements ................................................ xv
1 Fluid Saturation Evaluation .................................. 1
The Archie equations ......................................... 1
The Humble equation and its variants ......................... 4
Sensitivity analysis of Archie equation parameters ........... 8
Non-Archie sandstones ....................................... 10
Shaly sandstone analysis .................................... 13
Double-layer shaly sandstone models ......................... 15
Dual-water shaly sandstone models ........................... 20
The Archie equation in carbonate rocks ...................... 23
Porosity partitioning in dual-porosity systems .............. 26
The porosity exponent in a triple-porosity system ........... 31
Dielectric logging measurement of the porosity exponent ..... 31
Petrographic evaluations of the porosity exponent in
carbonates The saturation exponent, n ....................... 33
Wettability effects on the saturation exponent .............. 36
Archie redux ................................................ 38
2 Porosity Volumetrics and Pore Typing ........................ 44
Porosity of spherical packs ................................. 44
Clastic "effective" porosity ................................ 44
Neutron-density shale volumetrics ........................... 45
Gamma-ray estimations of shale volume ....................... 47
Correction of total porosity for shale contents ............. 50
Allocation between shale morphology types ................... 51
Carbonate porosity .......................................... 55
Vug porosity evaluation from acoustic and resistivity logs .. 56
NMR logging of vuggy porosity ............................... 62
3 Permeability Estimation ..................................... 67
Permeability is a vector .................................... 67
Prediction of permeability from porosity .................... 67
Flow-zone indicator (FZI) discrimination of hydraulic
units ....................................................... 69
Application of FZI to permeability prediction ............... 73
Permeability predictions from porosity and "irreducible"
water saturation ............................................ 77
NMR estimation of permeability in clastic pore systems ...... 79
Permeability estimation in carbonates dominated by
interparticle porosity ...................................... 81
Evaluation of permeability in dual- and triple-porosity
systems ..................................................... 82
A Wilderness of mirrors ..................................... 88
4 Compositional Analysis of Mineralogy ........................ 94
Some matrix algebra ......................................... 94
Compositional-solution evaluation ........................... 97
Underdetermined systems ..................................... 99
Оverdetermined systems ..................................... 202
Optimization models for compositional solutions ............ 103
Multiple-model solutions of rock composition ............... 105
Elucidation of clay minerals ............................... 106
Compositional analysis from geochemical logs ............... 113
Inversion mapping of compositions .......................... 117
5 Petrophysical Rocks: Electrofacies and Lithofacies ......... 122
Fades and electrofacies .................................... 122
Dunham textures and electrofacies .......................... 123
Petrophysical recognition of lithofacies ................... 124
Zonation by cluster analysis ............................... 128
Theoretical, empirical, and interpretive electrofacies
methods .................................................... 132
Principal component analysis (PCA) of electrofacies ........ 134
Classification by a parametric electrofacies database ...... 146
Supervised electrofacies analysis methods .................. 147
Electrofacies classification by discriminant function
analysis (DFA) 248 Nonparametric discriminant analysis ..... 152
Neural-network prediction of lithofacies from logs ......... 157
Beyond product fades to the petrophysical prediction of
process facies ............................................. 162
6 Pore-System Facies: Pore Throats and Pore Bodies ........... 272
The petrofacies concept .................................... 172
Equivalent hydraulic radius of tubes ....................... 172
Capillary pressure evaluation of pore-throat sizes ......... 172
The Winland equation ....................................... 176
The flow-unit concept ...................................... 178
Petrofacies case-study applications of the Winland
equation ................................................... 179
Carbonate petrofacies pore-throat size distributions ....... 185
Pore-body size distributions from NMR measurements ......... 198
NMR facies in sandstones ................................... 200
NMR pore-size interpretation in carbonates ................. 204
NMR-partitioned porosity and Dunham textural classes ....... 205
NMR facies in carbonates ................................... 209
7 Saturation-Height Functions ................................ 217
Integration: the saturation-height model ................... 217
The basics of reservoir saturation profiles ................ 218
Saturation-height modeling in sandstones from capillary
pressure measurements ...................................... 221
Height functions for bulk-volume water ..................... 225
Permeability-height functions .............................. 230
Saturation-height modeling in carbonates ................... 233
Saturation-height modeling based on magnetic resonance
logs ....................................................... 238
Putting it all together: the static reservoir model ........ 241
Index ......................................................... 245
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