 | Kaiser Ch. Including coarse mode aerosol microphysics in a climate model: model development and first application: Diss. / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen. - Köln: DLR, 2016. - xiv, 171 p.: ill., tab. - (Forschungsbericht; 2016-01). - Res. also Germ. - Bibliogr.: p.133-166. - ISSN 1434-8454
Шифр: (Pr 1120/2016-01) 02
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Abstract ....................................................... xi
Kurzfassung .................................................. xiii
1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.1 Motivation ................................................. 1
1.2 Scientific questions ....................................... 2
1.3 Method ..................................................... 2
2 Background and state of the science ........................ 5
2.1 The atmospheric aerosol .................................... 5
2.1.1 Relevance ........................................... 6
2.1.2 Aerosol processes ................................... 8
2.1.3 Aerosol properties ................................. 10
2.2 The influence of ship emissions ........................... 15
2.3 Aerosol modeling .......................................... 16
2.3.1 Selected results ................................... 16
2.3.2 Motivation to expand on previous work .............. 19
2.3.3 The computational approach ......................... 20
2.3.4 Existing aerosol microphysics submodels ............ 22
2.3.5 MADE3 as a successor of MADE and MADE-in ........... 24
3 The aerosol submodel MADE3 ................................ 25
3.1 Aerosol characteristics ................................... 25
3.1.1 Modes .............................................. 25
3.1.2 Species ............................................ 25
3.1.3 Mathematical representation of aerosol
characteristics .................................... 28
3.2 Aerosol processes ......................................... 28
3.2.1 Gas-particle partitioning .......................... 29
3.2.2 Condensation of H2SO4 and organic vapors ........... 29
3.2.3 New particle formation ............................. 31
3.2.4 Coagulation ........................................ 32
3.2.5 Renaming ........................................... 34
3.2.6 Aging of insoluble particles ....................... 34
4 Box model tests ........................................... 37
4.1 Model description: MADE vs. MADE3 ......................... 37
4.2 Model description: PartMC-MOSAIC .......................... 38
4.3 Test case scenario ........................................ 39
4.4 Results: MADE3 vs. MADE ................................... 42
4.4.1 Size distributions ................................. 42
4.4.2 Composition ........................................ 43
4.5 Results: MADE3 vs. PartMC-MOSAIC .......................... 44
4.5.1 Size distributions ................................. 44
4.5.2 Composition ........................................ 46
4.6 Summary and conclusions ................................... 47
5 MADE3 in the atmospheric chemistry general circulation
model EMAC ................................................ 49
5.1 Basic settings ............................................ 50
5.2 Emissions ................................................. 52
5.3 Transport ................................................. 54
5.4 Gas phase chemistry ....................................... 56
5.5 Cloud formation ........................................... 56
5.5.1 Stratiform clouds .................................. 56
5.5.2 Convective clouds .................................. 57
5.6 Cloud and precipitation processing of the aerosol ......... 57
5.7 Wet deposition ............................................ 60
5.8 Dry deposition ............................................ 60
5.9 Sedimentation ............................................. 61
5.10 Optical properties ........................................ 62
6 Evaluation of simulated tropospheric aerosol properties ... 65
6.1 Data comparability ........................................ 65
6.2 The MADE3 aerosol within EMAC ............................. 66
6.2.1 Near-surface mass concentrations ................... 66
6.2.2 Vertical distributions ............................. 72
6.2.3 Size distributions ................................. 75
6.2.4 Aerosol optical depth .............................. 80
6.2.5 Global tropospheric burdens and residence times .... 82
6.2.6 Summary and conclusions ............................ 83
6.3 Comparison to MADE ........................................ 84
6.4 New features of MADE3 ..................................... 85
7 Effects of oceanic ship emissions on atmospheric aerosol
particles ................................................. 89
7.1 Effects of year 2000 emissions ............................ 89
7.1.1 Near-surface concentrations ........................ 90
7.1.2 Near-surface size distributions .................... 92
7.1.3 Tropospheric burdens ............................... 94
7.2 Effects of an idealized fuel sulfur content reduction ..... 95
7.3 Summary and conclusions ................................... 97
7.2 8 Summary, conclusions, and outlook ...................... 99
Appendix ...................................................... 103
A.l Particle evolution in the box model study ................ 103
A.2 Gas phase chemical mechanism ............................. 104
A.3 Liquid phase chemical mechanism .......................... 114
A.4 Mode assignment of cloud residual aerosol ................ 119
A.4.1 Terminology ....................................... 119
A.4.2 Basic assumptions ................................. 119
A.4.3 Algorithm for residual assignment ................. 120
A.5 Year 2000 aerosol in EMAC with MADE3 ..................... 125
A.6 Near-surface mass concentration evaluation ............... 130
References .................................................... 133
Acronyms, symbols, and species names .......................... 166
Acronyms ................................................. 166
Symbols .................................................. 166
Tracers and chemical species ............................. 169
Danksagung .................................................... 171
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