Preface ....................................................... vii
1 Basic Properties ............................................. 1
1.1 The Definition of Catalan Numbers ....................... 1
1.2 The Fundamental Recurrence .............................. 2
1.3 A Generating Function ................................... 3
1.4 An Explicit Formula ..................................... 4
1.5 Fundamental Combinatorial Interpretations ............... 5
1.6 A Combinatorial Proof .................................. 12
2 Bijective Exercises ......................................... 15
3 Bijective Solutions ......................................... 56
4 Additional Problems ........................................ 101
5 Solutions to Additional Problems ........................... 138
Appendix A In the beginning .................................. 171
Appendix В History of Catalan Numbers (by Igor Раk) .......... 177
B.l MingAntu .............................................. 177
B.2 Euler and Goldbach .................................... 178
B.3 Euler and Segner ...................................... 179
B.4 Kotelnikow and Fuss ................................... 180
B.5 The French School, 1838-1843 .......................... 181
B.6 The British School, 1857-1891 ......................... 182
B.7 The Ballot Problem .................................... 183
B.8 Later Years ........................................... 185
B.9 The Name .............................................. 186
B.10 The Importance ........................................ 187
Glossary ...................................................... 191
Bibliography .................................................. 201
Index ......................................................... 205
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