 | Parrella G. Characterization of glacier facies using SAR polarimetry at long-wavelengths: a thesis submitted to attain the degree of Doctor of sciences of ETH Zurich (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, Oberpfaffenhofen. - Köln: DLR, 2016. - xxiv, 140 p.: ill. - (Forschungsbericht; 2016-05). - Res. also Germ. - Bibliogr.: p.125-136. - ISSN 1434-8454
Шифр: (Pr 1120/2016-05) 02
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Abstract ........................................................ v
Kurzfassung ................................................... vii
List of Tables ................................................. ix
List of Figures ................................................ xi
List of Symbols and Acronyms ................................... xv
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Motivation .............................................. 1
1.2 State-of-the-Art ........................................ 3
1.3 Research Objectives ..................................... 6
1.4 Organization of the Thesis .............................. 6
2 SAR Principles and Polarimetry ............................... 9
2.1 SAR Remote Sensing ...................................... 9
2.2 Principles of SAR Imaging ............................... 9
2.2.1 Backscattering Coefficient ...................... 12
2.3 Plane Waves ............................................ 12
2.3.1 Polarization State .............................. 14
2.4 Polarimetric SAR ....................................... 16
2.4.1 Scattering Matrix ............................... 16
2.4.2 Covariance and Coherency Matrix ................. 17
2.4.3 Symmetry Properties ............................. 19
2.5 Polarimetric Decomposition ............................. 19
2.5.1 Eigen-Based Decomposition ....................... 20
2.5.2 Model-Based Decomposition ....................... 22
3 Glaciological Concepts ...................................... 25
3.1 Thermal Regime ......................................... 25
3.2 Mass Balance ........................................... 25
3.3 Glacier Facies and SAR Backscatter ..................... 27
3.4 Dielectric Properties of Snow, Firn and Ice ............ 29
3.4.1 Real Part ....................................... 30
3.4.2 Imaginary Part .................................. 31
3.4.3 Structural and Dielectric Anisotropy of Snow
and Firn ........................................ 32
4 Modeling Polarimetric Scattering of Glaciers ................ 37
4.1 A Review of Existing Scattering Models ................. 37
4.2 Novel Three-Component Glacier Scattering Model ......... 38
4.2.1 Surface Scattering Component .................... 38
4.2.2 Extended Volume Scattering Component ............ 42
4.2.3 Novel Anisotropic Propagation Component ......... 48
4.2.4 Transmittivities ................................ 56
5 Experimental Data ........................................... 57
5.1 Study Area ............................................. 57
5.2 Ground-Based Measurements .............................. 58
5.3 Polarimetric SAR Data .................................. 64
5.4 PolSAR Signatures Analysis ............................. 64
5.4.1 Temporal Variations ............................. 80
6 Decomposition Results and Validation ........................ 85
6.1 Polarimetric Decomposition for the Wet-Snow Zone ....... 85
6.2 Polarimetric Decomposition for the Superimposed Ice
Zone ................................................... 93
6.3 Decomposition Residuals ............................... 100
6.4 Validation of Decomposition Results ................... 101
6.4.1 Firn Thickness at Summit ....................... 102
6.4.2 Firn Thickness at Eton ......................... 105
6.5 Temporal Variations ................................... 107
6.5.1 Firn Thickness Dynamics ........................ 112
7 Conclusions ................................................ 117
7.1 Summary ............................................... 117
7.2 Contributions ......................................... 119
7.3 Future Work ........................................... 122
Bibliography .................................................. 125
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