1 Molecular Communication Among Nanomachines ................. 1
1.1 Nanomachines, Nanorobots, and Genetically Engineered
Machines ................................................... 1
1.1.1 Nanomachines and Molecular Machines ................. 1
1.1.2 Nanorobots .......................................... 4
1.1.3 Synthetic Biology-Based Genetically Engineered
Machines ............................................ 6
1.2 Nature-Made Molecular Communications Among Cells ........... 8
1.3 Molecular Communications Among Nanomachines ............... 14
1.4 Molecular Communication Architectures ..................... 17
1.5 Organization of the Book .................................. 21
References ................................................ 21
2 Passive Molecular Communication Through Absorbers ......... 25
2.1 A Communication Architecture for PMC ...................... 25
2.2 Emission of Molecule ...................................... 26
2.3 Diffusion of Molecules .................................... 29
2.3.1 Random Walk ........................................ 30
2.3.2 Statistical Characterization of Random Walk ........ 32
2.3.3 Fick's Equations ................................... 35
2.3.4 Example Solutions for Diffusion Equation ........... 38
2.4 Reception of Molecules .................................... 45
2.4.1 Reception Rate of Molecules with a Perfect
Absorber ........................................... 45
2.4.2 Capture Probability of Molecules with a Perfect
Absorber ........................................... 47
2.4.3 Mean Time to Capture ............................... 49
2.4.4 Accuracy of Concentration Sensing with
a Perfectly Absorbing Sphere and a Perfectly
Monitoring Sphere .................................. 51
2.4.5 Accuracy of Gradient Sensing with Perfectly
Absorbing and Perfectly Monitoring Spheres ......... 54
2.5 Unified Models for PMC with Perfect Absorber .............. 59
2.5.1 Unified Model with Reaction-Rate Equations ......... 59
2.5.2 Unified Model with Reaction-Diffusion Equations .... 67
2.6 Communication Theories and Techniques for PMC
Through Absorbers ......................................... 70
2.6.1 Communication Rate in PMC Through Absorbers ........ 70
2.6.2 Communication Rate of Concentration Channel
in PMC Through Absorbers ........................... 71
2.6.3 Communication Rate of Timing Channel in PMC with
Perfect Absorber ................................... 75
2.6.4 Binary Modulation in PMC Through Absorbers ......... 78
2.6.5 Binary Modulation Based on Single Molecule ......... 78
2.6.6 Binary Modulation Based on Multiple Molecules ...... 85
2.6.7 M-ary Modulation Based on Different Types
of Molecules ....................................... 87
2.6.8 Binary Modulation Based on Molecular Arrays ........ 93
References ............................................... 103
3 Passive Molecular Communication Through Ligand-Receptor
Binding .................................................. 105
3.1 Communication Architecture for Passive Molecular
Communication ............................................ 105
3.1.1 Reception of Molecules Through Surface Receptors .. 106
3.1.2 Probabilistic Aspects of Ligand-Receptor Binding .. 110
3.1.3 A Modified Diffusion Equation for Ligand-
Receptor Binding in PMC ........................... 114
3.1.4 Effects of Diffusion on Ligand-Receptor Binding ... 115
3.1.5 Accuracy of Concentration Sensing with Surface
Receptors ......................................... 119
3.1.6 Accuracy of Gradient Sensing with Surface
Receptors ......................................... 125
3.1.7 PMC in Gene Regulatory Networks ................... 128
3.1.8 Modulation Techniques in PMC Through Surface
Receptors ......................................... 132
3.1.9 Estimation of Gradient Direction in PMC ........... 139
3.1.10 PMC Rate in Gene Regulatory Networks .............. 141
References ............................................... 142
4 Active Molecular Communication ........................... 145
4.1 Active Molecular Communication with Molecular Motors ..... 145
4.2 Modeling Approaches for the First Scenario ............... 147
4.2.1 Messenger Molecules ............................... 147
4.2.2 Interface Molecules ............................... 148
4.2.3 Guide and Transport Molecules ..................... 148
4.2.4 Continuum Ratchet Models for Molecular Motor
Moving Along a Filament to Carry a Cargo .......... 149
4.2.5 A Discrete Stochastic Model for Molecular
Motor Moving Along a Filament to Carry a Cargo .... 150
4.3 Modeling Approaches for the Second Scenario .............. 152
4.4 Communication Theories and Techniques for Active MC
with Molecular Motors .................................... 155
4.5 Active Molecular Communication with Gap Junction
Channels ................................................. 159
4.6 Active Molecular Communication with Motile Bacteria ...... 163
4.6.1 Encoding and Releasing Phase ...................... 164
4.6.2 Propagation Phase ................................. 165
4.6.3 Reception and Decoding Phase ...................... 173
4.7 Active Molecular Communication Through Contact
of Nanomachines .......................................... 173
4.7.1 Collision of Nanomachines ......................... 174
4.7.2 Adhesion of Nanomachines .......................... 175
References ............................................... 177
Index ......................................................... 181
|
