Chapter 1. Challenges of T-Cell Therapy ......................... 1
Naomi Taylor, Anna Mondino and Balbino Alarcon
1.1 T-Cell Homeostasis ......................................... 1
1.2 Lymphopenia and Immune Responsiveness to Self-Antigens ..... 2
1.3 CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Differentiation States .................. 3
1.4 T-Cell Persistence and Trafficking to Tumor ................ 6
1.5 Choice of Target Antigen ................................... 9
References ...................................................... 9
Chapter 2. Gene Transfer into T Cells .......................... 19
David Gilham and Hinrich Abken
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 19
2.2 γ-Retroviral Vectors to Generate Gene-Modified T Cells .... 21
2.3 The Potential Drawbacks of γ-Retroviral Vectors, for
T-Cell Gene Therapy ....................................... 22
2.4 Improving All Aspects of γ-Retroviral Gene Transfer to
Preserve or Enhance Antigen-Specific T-Cell Function
In Vivo ................................................... 26
2.5 Lentiviral Vectors to Transduce Minimally Stimulated and
Quiescent Primary Human T Cells ........................... 29
2.6 Other Viral Vectors Used to Transduce Primary Human
T Cells ................................................... 31
2.7 Non-Viral Gene Transfer Into Primary Human T Cells:
Plasmid-Based Systems ..................................... 33
2.8 Non-Viral Gene Transfer Into Primary Human T Cells:
Transposon Technology ..................................... 34
2.9 Non-Viral Gene Transfer Into Primary Human T Cells: RNA
Vectors ................................................... 35
2.10 Mouse Models of Gene-Modified T-Cell Therapy .............. 38
2.11 Summary ................................................... 38
References ..................................................... 39
Chapter 3. TCR-Engineered T cells .............................. 49
Reno Debets and Ton Schumacher
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 49
3.2 Generation of TCR T Cells That are Not or Minimally
Self-Reactive ............................................. 52
3.3 Generation of TCR T Cells with Enhanced Functional
Avidity ................................................... 60
3.4 Next Steps in TCR Gene Therapy ............................ 67
References ..................................................... 70
Chapter 4. T-Bodies: Antibody-Based Engineered T-Cell
Receptors ...................................................... 83
John Bridgeman, Andreas A. Hombach, David Gilham, Zelig
Eshhar and Hinrich Abken
4.1 Overview .................................................. 83
4.2 A Long Way to the One-Chain Format: A Brief History of
T-Bodies .................................................. 84
4.3 From Structure to Function ................................ 85
4.4 Clinical Studies ......................................... 103
4.5 Perspectives ............................................. 111
4.6 Summary .................................................. 116
References .................................................... 117
Chapter 5 T-Cell Engineering and Expansion - GMP Issues ..... 131
Cor Lamers and Ryan Guest
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 131
5.2 Clinical Vectors ......................................... 133
5.3 Ex Vivo Generation of Gene-Modified T Cells .............. 144
5.4 Data Management and Regulatory Aspects ................... 163
5.5 Future Developments ...................................... 165
References .................................................... 167
Chapter 6. Clinical Trial Design .............................. 179
Robert Hawkins, John Haanen and Fiona Thistlethwaite
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 179
6.2 Background ............................................... 179
6.3 TIL Therapy .............................................. 181
6.4 Engineered T Cells - Clinical Trials ..................... 186
6.5 Toxicities and Safety of ACT ............................. 190
6.6 Future Strategies ........................................ 193
6.7 Conclusions .............................................. 196
References .................................................... 196
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