Preface ......................................................... v
List of Tables ................................................ xiv
List of Figures ............................................... xvi
Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................... 1-35
1.1 Motivations and major characteristics of this study ........ 1
1.2 Regional inequality in the 19th and 20th centuries, and
the Kuznets curve .......................................... 6
1.3 Regional convergence and its determinants ................. 11
1.4 Structural change and regional convergence ................ 16
1.5 Migration and regional convergence ........................ 18
1.6 Convergence of total factor productivity and capital-
labor ratios .............................................. 22
1.7 Personal and regional inequality in Japan since the late
19th century .............................................. 26
1.8 Data limitations in preceding studies on regional
inequality in Japan and current availability of data and
estimates ................................................. 31
1.9 Outline of the remainder of the book ...................... 35
Chapter 2. Regional Inequality and Convergence
in 1874-2008 ................................................ 37-66
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 37
2.2 Long-term trends in regional inequality ................... 38
2.3 Evolution of living standards at the prefecture level ..... 49
2.4 Prefectures' relative fortunes and rank stability ......... 58
2.5 Japanese regional inequality and convergence in
international perspective ................................. 61
2.6 Conclusion ................................................ 66
Chapter 3. Industrial Structure, Prefectural Inequality,
and Convergence ............................................ 67-106
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 67
3.2 Long-term trends in Japan's industrial structure .......... 68
3.3 Prefecture-level industrial structures .................... 77
3.4 Decomposition of prefectural income inequality ............ 89
3.5 Conclusion ............................................... 105
Chapter 4. Growth, Migration, and Convergence ............. 107-152
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 107
4.2 Regional growth, size of economic activity, and
migration ................................................ 109
4.3 Migration as an engine of regional convergence ........... 118
4.4 Migration and human capital .............................. 127
4.5 Migration, demographic change, and regional inequality ... 134
4.6 Conclusion ............................................... 149
APPENDIX: Construction of migration series at the
prefecture level .............................................. 151
Chapter 5. Regional Factor Inputs and Convergence in
Japan: A Macro-Level Analysis, 1955-2008 .................. 153-185
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 153
5.2 Sources of prefectural differences in labor
productivity: Cross-section analysis ..................... 157
5.3 Growth accounting ........................................ 166
5.4 Economic convergence and the role of migration, capital
accumulation, and TFP .................................... 170
5.5 Conclusion ............................................... 179
Chapter 6. Industry-Level Factor Inputs and TFP,
and Regional Convergence: 1970-2008 ....................... 187-217
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 187
6.2 Decomposition of labor productivity differences .......... 189
6.3 The effect of changes in industrial structure on
prefectural differences in factor intensity .............. 197
6.4 Industry contributions to the decline in regional
differences in labor productivity ........................ 208
6.5 Conclusion ............................................... 215
Chapter 7. Conclusion ..................................... 219-225
Appendix 1. Agricultural Production, Proto-
Industrialization, and Urbanization, 1600-1874 ............ 227-250
A1.l Introduction ............................................ 227
A1.2 Outline of the estimation approach ...................... 228
A1.3 Estimates of regional output in the primary sector ...... 232
A1.4 Estimates of output in the secondary and tertiary
sectors ................................................. 239
A1.5 Backward estimation for the Tokugawa period ............. 244
A1.6 Conclusion .............................................. 249
Appendix 2. Construction of Prefectural Data for the
Pre-World War II Period ................................... 251-306
A2.1 Introduction ............................................ 251
A2.2 Basic estimation strategy ............................... 251
A2.3 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries .................... 257
A2.4 Mining and manufacturing ................................ 275
A2.5 Construction and tertiary industry ...................... 285
A2.6 Prefectural populations and gainfully occupied
population by prefecture and industry ................... 292
A2.7 Estimation of indices of prefectural price differences
and calculation of prefectural per capita income
adjusted for regional price differences in 1950 ......... 299
A2.8 Comparison of our new estimates of GPP for 1874, 1890,
1909, 1925, 1935, and 1940 with earlier estimates of
prefectural income or GPP ............................... 300
Appendix 3. Construction of Data Used in the Analysis
for 1955-1969 ............................................. 307-312
A3.1 Estimation of value added by industry and prefecture .... 308
A3.2 Estimation of the number of employed persons by
industry and prefecture ................................. 309
А3.3 Estimation of labor quality and working hours by
prefecture .............................................. 309
A3.4 Estimation of prefecture-level capital stock for all
industries .............................................. 310
A3.5 Estimation of the cost of capital by prefecture ......... 310
A3.6 Estimation of labor costs by prefecture ................. 311
Appendix 4. Construction of the Regional-Level Japan
Industrial Productivity (R-JIP) Database Used in the
Analysis for 1970-2008 .................................... 313-323
A4.1 R-JIP industry classification and estimation of
real value added by prefecture and industry ............. 316
A4.2 Estimation of capital stock by prefecture and industry .. 318
A4.3 Estimation of labor input by prefecture and industry .... 321
References ................................................ 325-341
Author Index .................................................. 342
Subject Index ................................................. 345
Biographies ................................................... 349
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