Foreword by Claes-Gцran Granqvist ............................... V
Foreword by Neal Lane ......................................... VII
List of Abbreviations ........................................ XXIX
1 Science and Engineering of Nanomaterials
Robert Vajtai ................................................ 1
1.1 History and Definition of Nanomaterials ................. 2
1.2 Formation of Nanomaterials .............................. 6
1.3 Properties of Nanomaterials ............................ 10
1.4 Typical Applications of Nanomaterials .................. 22
1.5 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 31
1.6 About the Contents of the Handbook ..................... 31
References .................................................. 31
Part A NanoCarbons
2 Graphene - Properties and Characterization
Aravind Vijayaraghavan ...................................... 39
2.1 Methods of Production .................................. 42
2.2 Properties ............................................. 50
2.3 Characterization ....................................... 58
2.4 Applications ........................................... 69
2.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References .................................................. 74
3 Fullerenes and Beyond: Complexity, Morphology, and
Functionality in Closed Carbon Nanostructures
Humberto Terrones ........................................... 83
3.1 Geometry and Structural Features of Fullerenes ......... 85
3.2 Methods of Synthesis of Fullerenes and Proposed
Growth Models .......................................... 88
3.3 Physicochemical Properties of Fullerenes ............... 90
3.4 Applications of Fullerenes and Beyond .................. 92
3.5 Conclusions ............................................ 99
References .................................................. 99
4 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Sebastien Nanot, Nicholas A. Thompson, Ji-Hee Kim, Xuan
Wang, William D. Rice, Erik H. Hároz, Yogeeswaran Ganesan,
Cary L. Pint, Junichiro Kono ............................... 105
4.l History ............................................... 106
4.2 Crystallographic and Electronic Structure ............. 106
4.3 Synthesis ............................................. 111
4.4 Optical Properties .................................... 115
4.5 Transport Properties .................................. 123
4.6 Thermal and Mechanical Properties ..................... 128
4.7 Concluding Remarks .................................... 135
References ................................................. 135
5 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Ácos Kukovecz, Gabor Kozma, loltán Kónya ................... 147
5.1 Synthesis ............................................. 148
5.2 Chemistry of MWCNTs ................................... 153
5.3 Properties ............................................ 157
5.4 Selected Applications ................................. 163
References ................................................. 169
6 Modified Carbon Nanotubes
Aarón Morelos-Gómez, Ferdinando Tristán López, Rodolfo
Cruz-Silva, Sofia M. Vega Díaz, Mauricio Terrones .......... 189
6.1 Doped Carbon Nanotubes ................................ 191
6.2 Defects in Carbon Nanotubes ........................... 193
6.3 Nanotube Chemical Functionalization ................... 197
6.4 Properties of Modified Carbon Nanotubes ............... 203
6.5 Characterization of Modified Carbon Nanotubes ......... 208
6.6 Applications of Modified Carbon Nanotubes ............. 215
6.7 Toxicity and Biocompatibility ......................... 218
6.8 Conclusions ........................................... 220
6.9 Outlook and Perspectives .............................. 221
References ................................................. 221
7 Carbon Nanofibers
Yoong A. Kim, Takuya Hayashi, Morinobu Endo, Mildred
S. Dresselhaus ............................................. 233
7.1 Similarity and Difference Between Carbon Fibers
and Carbon Nanofibers ...................................... 234
7.2 Growth and Structural Modifications of Carbon
Nanofibers ............................................ 238
7.3 Applications of Carbon Nanofibers ..................... 251
7.4 Conclusions ........................................... 257
References ................................................. 258
8 Nanodiamonds
Olga A. Shenderova, Suzanne A. Ciftan Hens ................. 263
8.1 Stability of Diamond at the Nanoscale ................. 264
8.2 Types of Nanodiamonds and Methods of Nanodiamond
Synthesis ............................................. 267
8.3 Detonation Nanodiamond Processing and Modification .... 278
8.4 Fluorescent Nanodiamonds .............................. 284
8.5 Applications of Nanodiamond Particles ................. 285
8.6 Future Directions of Production and Applications ...... 292
References ................................................. 293
Part В NanoMetals
9 Noble Metal Nanoparticles
Theruvakkattil S. Sreeprasad, Thalappil Pradeep ............ 303
9.1 Historical Perspective of Gold and Silver NPs ......... 304
9.2 Diverse Nanostructures ................................ 307
9.3 Common Synthetic Routes for the Preparation of Noble
Metal NPs ............................................. 311
9.4 Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles ............... 322
9.5 Postsynthetic Tuning of Properties .................... 324
9.6 Functionalized Metal NPs .............................. 343
9.7 Applications of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles ......... 347
9.8 New Gold and Silver Materials - Quantum Clusters ...... 363
9.9 Conclusions ........................................... 366
References ................................................. 367
10 Nanostructures of Common Metals
Melinda Mohl, Krisztián Kordás ............................. 389
10.1 Post-Transition Metals ................................ 390
10.2 Transition Metals ..................................... 392
10.3 Concluding Remarks .................................... 398
References ................................................. 399
11 Alloys on the Nanoscale
Giovanni Barcaro, Alfredo Caro, Alessandro Fortunelli ...... 409
11.1 Concepts and Principles ............................... 411
11.2 Preparation and Synthesis ............................. 413
11.3 Characterization of Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys ...... 417
11.4 Properties ............................................ 424
11.5 Nanostructured Bulk Alloys ............................ 450
11.6 Applications .......................................... 457
11.7 Concluding Remarks .................................... 458
References ................................................. 459
12 Magnetic Nanostructures: Synthesis, Properties, and
Applications
Shashwat Shukla, Pratap Kumar Deheri, Raju V. Ramanujan ... 473
12.1 Background ............................................ 414
12.2 Atomic Origin of Magnetism ............................ 475
12.3 Magnetic Length Scales and Origin of Nanomagnetic
Behavior .............................................. 478
12.4 Magnetic Nanostructures ............................... 483
12.5 Conclusions ........................................... 505
References ................................................. 506
Part C Nano Ceramics
13 Nanocrystalline Functional Oxide Materials
Rakesh Shukla, Dimple P. Dutta, Jayshree Ramkumar,
Balaji P. Mandal, Avesh K. Tyagi ........................... 517
13.1 Synthesis Methods ..................................... 518
13.2 Optical Properties of Oxide Nanomaterials ............. 524
13.3 Sorbent Properties of Oxide Nanomaterials ............. 532
13.4 Catalytic Properties of Oxide Nanomaterials ........... 536
13.5 Oxide Nanomaterials in Ionics ......................... 538
13.6 Conclusions ........................................... 541
References ................................................. 542
14 Piezoelectric Nanoceramics
Xiaohui Wang, Shaopeng Zhang, Longtu Li .................... 553
l4.1 Introduction to BSPT .................................. 554
l4.2 Synthesis of BSPT Nanopowders via Sol-Gel Method ...... 555
14.3 Sintering of BSPT Nanoceramics ........................ 556
l4.4 Grain Size Effect on the Properties of BSPT Ceramics .. 563
14.5 Summary .............................................. 567
References ................................................. 568
15 Graphite Oxide
Wei Gao .................................................... 571
15.1 Synthesis of Graphite Oxide ........................... 572
15.2 Characterization, Chemical Structure and Properties ... 576
15.3 Applications .......................................... 589
15.4 Concluding Remarks .................................... 592
References ................................................. 592
16 Compound Crystals
Roi Levi, Maya Bar-Sadan, Reshef Tenne ..................... 605
16.1 Nanostructures ........................................ 605
16.2 Synthetic Methods ..................................... 608
16.3 Physical Properties ................................... 618
16.4 Applications .......................................... 628
16.5 Conclusions ........................................... 630
References ................................................. 631
17 Growth of Nanomaterials by Screw Dislocation
Fei Meng, Stephen A. Morin, Song Jin ....................... 639
17.1 Classical Crystal Growth Theories ..................... 640
17.2 Theories for Screw-Dislocation-Driven Growth of
Nanomaterials ......................................... 642
17.3 Structural Characterization of these Nanomaterials .... 645
17.4 Generality of Dislocation-Driven Nanomaterial Growth .. 649
17.5 Rational Growth of Dislocation-Driven Nanomaterials -
General Strategies .................................... 658
17.6 Applications .......................................... 659
17.7 Summary and Perspectives .............................. 660
References ................................................. 661
18 Glasses on the Nanoscale
Hellmut Eckert, Sidney J.L. Ribeiro, Silvio H.
Santagneli, Marcelo Nalin, Gael Poirier, Younès Messaddeq .. 665
18.1 Studying Medium-Range Order in Glasses and
Nanoceramics .......................................... 666
18.2 Nanoceramics .......................................... 676
18.3 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks ................... 684
References ................................................. 685
Part D NanoComposites
19 Carbon in Polymer
Robert J. Young, Libo Deng, Lei Gong, Ian A. Kinloch ....... 695
19.1 Materials Basics ...................................... 695
19.2 Carbon Nanotube Composites ............................ 702
19.3 Graphene Composites ................................... 716
19.4 Conclusions ........................................... 722
References ................................................. 722
20 Nanoparticle Dispersions
Krisztián Kordás, Jarmo Kukkola, Géza Toth, Heli
Jantunen, Maria Szabó, András Sápi, Ákos Kukovecz, Zoltán
Kónya, Jyri-Pekka Mikkola .................................. 729
20.1 Stabilization of Nanoparticle Dispersions ............. 730
20.2 Nanoparticle Dispersion in Practice ................... 734
20.3 Dispersions of Carbon Nanomaterials ................... 745
20.4 Drying Dispersions on Surfaces ........................ 752
20.5 Concluding Remarks .................................... 758
References ................................................. 758
Part E Nanoporous Materials
21 Nanoporous Metals
Yi Ding, Zhonghua Zhang .................................... 779
21.1 Preparation of Nanoporous Metals ...................... 779
21.2 Properties of Nanoporous Metals ....................... 789
21.3 Applications .......................................... 808
21.4 Concluding Remarks and Prospects ...................... 810
References ................................................. 811
22 Zeolites
István Pálinkó, Zoltán Kónya, Ákos Kukovecz, Imre Kiricsi .. 819
22.1 Common Zeolite Frameworks ............................ 822
22.2 Zeolite and Zeolite-Related Molecular Sieves .......... 823
22.3 Natural Zeolites: Occurrence and Formation ............ 825
22.4 Methods of Identification and Characterization ........ 828
22.5 Synthesis of Zeolitic Materials ....................... 830
22.6 Ion Exchange, Sorption, and Diffusion in Microporous
Materials ............................................. 836
22.7 Acid-Base Properties of Zeolites ...................... 841
22.8 Stability and Modification of Zeolite Structures ...... 843
22.9 Zeolites as Catalysts ................................. 846
22.10 Some Special Applications of Zeolites ................ 848
22.11 Conclusions .......................................... 850
References ................................................. 850
23 Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide
Qiaoling Xu, Guowen Meng ................................... 859
23.1 Background ............................................ 859
23.2 Preparation of AAO Templates .......................... 860
23.3 Nanostructures Constructed in AAO Templates ........... 862
23.4 Conclusions and Outlook ............................... 879
References ................................................. 879
24 Porous Silicon
Paolo Bettotti ............................................. 883
24.1 Basics of Porous Silicon Electrochemistry and
Formation Models ...................................... 884
24.2 Other Etching Methods ................................. 886
24.3 Porous Silicon Structural Properties .................. 887
24.4 Light Emission from Porous Silicon .................... 890
24.5 Thermal and Electrical Properties ..................... 891
24.6 The Role of the Surface ............................... 891
24.7 Applications of Porous Silicon ........................ 892
24.8 Conclusions ........................................... 897
References ................................................. 898
Part F Organic and Bionanomaterials
25 Organic Nanomaterials
Huanli Dong, Wenping Нu .................................... 905
25.1 Preparation/Synthesis of Organic Nanomaterials ........ 905
25.2 Properties of Organic Nanomaterials ................... 910
25.3 Applications .......................................... 925
25.4 Concluding Remarks .................................... 930
References ................................................. 932
26 Nanocomposites as Bone Implant Material
Vinod Kumar, Bipul Tripathi, Anchal Srivastava, Preeti
S. Saxena .................................................. 941
26.1 The Quest for a Suitable Bone Implant ................. 942
26.2 Bone .................................................. 942
26.3 Existing/Conventional Bone Implant Materials and
Their Shortcomings .................................... 944
26.4 Major Challenges with Existing/Conventional Implant
Materials ............................................. 949
26.5 Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering ................. 949
26.6 Future Perspectives ................................... 965
References ................................................. 965
27 Nanofiber Biomaterials
Rachelle N. Palchesko, Yan Sun, Ling Zhang, John M.
Szymanski, Quentin Jallerat, Adam W. Feinberg .............. 977
27.1 Methods of Production ................................. 980
27.2 Properties of Nanofiber Biomaterials .................. 986
27.3 Characterization of Nanofiber Biomaterials ............ 993
27.4 Applications .......................................... 999
27.5 Conclusions and Outlook .............................. 1005
References ................................................ 1006
Part G Applications and Impact
28 Nanostructured Materials for Energy-Related Applications
Arava L.M. Reddy, Sundara Ramaprabhu ...................... 1013
28.1 Energy-Related Carbon Nanotubes ...................... 1013
28.2 CNTs as Support Material for Electrocatalysts in
PEMFC ................................................ 1016
28.3 CNTs as Supercapacitor Electrode Materials ........... 1023
References ................................................ 1032
29 Nanomaterials in Civil Engineering
Jaesang Lee, Seunghak Lee, Eunhyea Chung, Vincent
C. Reyes, Shaily Mahendra ................................. 1039
29.1 Applications of MNMs in Construction ................. 1041
29.2 Environmental Release of MNMs Used in Construction ... 1047
29.3 Potential Adverse Biological Impacts and Toxicity
Mechanisms ........................................... 1049
29.4 Mitigation of Environmental and Health Impacts ....... 1052
29.5 Conclusions .......................................... 1054
References ................................................ 1055
30 Plasmonic Nanomaterials for Nanomedicine
Renat R. Letfullin, Thomas F. George ...................... 1063
30.1 Introduction ......................................... 1063
30.2 Nanooptics - Lorenz-Mie Formalism .................... 1064
30.3 Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles in
Biological Media ..................................... 1065
30.4 Kinetics of Heating and Cooling of Nanoparticles ..... 1067
30.5 Spatial Distribution of Temperature Fields Around
the Nanoparticle ..................................... 1076
30.6 New Dynamic Modes in Selective Plasmonic
Nanotherapy .......................................... 1083
References ................................................ 1095
31 Carbon Nanotube Membrane Filters
Anchal Srivastavo, Saurabh Srivastova, Kaushik Kalaga ..... 1099
31.1 Types of Filtration .................................. 1100
31.2 Mechanisms of Filtration ............................. 1101
31.3 Carbon Nanotube Membrane Filters ..................... 1102
31.4 Future Research Perspectives ......................... 1112
References ................................................ 1112
32 Nanomaterial Toxicity, Hazards, and Safety
Zuzanna A. Lewicka, Vicki L. Colvin ....................... 1117
32.1 Engineered Nanomaterials - General Overview .......... 1118
32.2 Occurrence of Engineered Nanoparticles in the
Environment .......................................... 1119
32.3 Effects of Nanoparticles on Organisms ................ 1120
32.4 Nanoparticle Physicochemical Characteristics of
Relevance for Toxicology ............................. 1124
32.5 Special Case - Sunscreens ............................ 1130
32.6 Conclusions .......................................... 1132
References ................................................ 1133
Acknowledgements ............................................. 1143
About the Authors ............................................ 1145
Detailed Contents ............................................ 1163
Subject Index ................................................ 1181
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