The major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions / ed. by B.Bolin, R.B Cook. - Chichester; New York: Wiley, 1983. - xxi, 532 p.: ill. - (SCOPE report / Scientific committee on problems of the environment; 21). - Bibliogr. at the end of the chapters. - Ind.: p. 527-532. - ISBN 0-471-10522-8  Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Foreword ....................................................... xv J.W.M. La Rivière Preface ...................................................... xvii List of Participants .......................................... xix Chapter 1. Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles B. Bolin, P.J. Crutzen, P.M. Vitousek, R.G. Woodmansee, E.D. Goldberg, and R.B. Cook 1.1 Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Man ....................... 1 1.2 Biological Processes and Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles ..................................................... 3 1.3 The Atmosphere ............................................. 7 1.4 Terrestrial Ecosystems .................................... 17 1.5 The Freshwater System and Coastal Waters .................. 25 1.6 The Open Sea .............................................. 30 1.7 Conclusions ............................................... 33 References ..................................................... 35 Chapter 2. C, N, P, and S Cycles: Major Reservoirs and Fluxes 2.1 Introduction .............................................. 41 2.2 The Carbon Cycle .......................................... 41 B. Bolin 2.3 The Nitrogen Cycle ........................................ 46 T. Rosswall 2.4 The Phosphorus Cycle ...................................... 51 J.E. Richey 2.5 The Sulphur Cycle ......................................... 56 J.R. Freney, M.V. Ivanov, and H. Rodhe References ..................................................... 61 Chapter 3. Atmospheric Interactions - Homogeneous Gas Reactions of C, N, and S Containing Compounds P.J. Crutzen Abstract ....................................................... 67 3.1 Introduction .............................................. 67 3.2 Tropospheric Photochemistry ............................... 69 3.3 Stratospheric Photochemistry .............................. 85 3.4 The Most Important Carbon Compounds ....................... 89 3.5 The Most Important Nitrogen Compounds ..................... 92 3.6 The Most Important Sulphur Compounds ...................... 99 3.7 Conclusions .............................................. 102 References .................................................... 103 Comment to Chapter 3 .......................................... 112 J.E. Lovelock Chapter 4. Heterogeneous Interactions of the C, N, and S Cycles in the Atmosphere: The Role of Aerosols and Clouds G.S. Taylor, M.B. Baker, and R.J. Charlson Abstract ...................................................... 115 4.1 Introduction ............................................. 116 4.2 General Nature of Interactions in Aerosols and Clouds .... 120 4.3 Possible Interactions .................................... 124 4.4 The System SO2, CO2, NH3, H2SO4, and H2O (liquid) ......... 126 4.5 Oxidation of S(IV) to S(VI) in Wet Particles ............. 131 4.6 Conclusions: Flux Relationships .......................... 136 References .................................................... 139 Chapter 5. Transport Processes in the Biogeochemical Cycles of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulphur W.A. Reiners Abstract ...................................................... 143 5.1 Introduction ............................................. 143 5.2 Transport Processes ...................................... 144 5.3 Inter-biome Transport Via the Atmosphere ................. 163 5.4 Summarizing Conclusions .................................. 169 References .................................................... 171 Chapter 6. Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles in Forest Ecosystems J.M. Melillo and J.R. Gosz Abstract ...................................................... 177 6.1 Introduction ............................................. 178 6.2 Element Ratios in Foliage and Litter ..................... 179 6.3 Carbon-Nutrient Interactions at the Ecosystem Level ...... 189 6.4 Element Interactions and the Global Carbon Cycle ......... 201 6.5 Phosphorus — 'The Master Element' ........................ 214 References .................................................... 217 Chapter 7. The Effects of Deforestation on Air, Soil, and Water P.M. Vitousek Abstract ...................................................... 223 7.1 Introduction ............................................. 223 7.2 What is Deforestation? ................................... 224 7.3 The Effects of Deforestation ............................. 224 7.4 Rates of Response to Deforestation ....................... 235 7.5 Interactions of C, N, P, and S ........................... 236 7.6 Conclusions .............................................. 239 References .................................................... 240 Chapter 8. Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles in Grassland Ecosystems J.W.B. Stewart, С.V. Cole, and D.G. Maynard Abstract ...................................................... 247 8.1 Introduction ............................................. 247 8.2 Dynamics of Carbon and Nitrogen in Grassland Ecosystems .. 250 8.3 Dynamics of Carbon and Phosphorus in Grassland Ecosystems ............................................... 251 8.4 Dynamics of Carbon and Sulphur in Grassland Ecosystems ... 254 8.5 Interrelationships of Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Phosphorus ............................................... 260 8.6 Cycling Studies .......................................... 262 References .................................................... 265 Chapter 9. Biogeochemical Aspects of Nutrient Cycle Interactions in Soils and Organisms W.B. McGill and E.K. Christie Abstract ...................................................... 271 9.1 Introduction ............................................. 272 9.2 Specific Effects on Specific Cycles ...................... 272 9.3 Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus Stoichiometric Relationships ............................................ 280 9.4 Mineralization and Immobilization Relations .............. 283 9.5 Nutrient Distribution and Compartment Transfers .......... 288 9.6 Long Term Nutrient Cycles and Carbon Production .......... 291 9.7 Integration of the Cycles Through Soil Organic Matter .... 294 9.8 Conclusions .............................................. 296 References .................................................... 296 Chapter 10. A Conceptual Model for Interactions Among Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Phosphorus in Grasslands H.W. Hunt, J.W.B. Stewart, and С.V. Cole Abstract ...................................................... 303 10.1 Introduction ............................................. 304 10.2 Background and Review .................................... 305 10.3 Model Structure .......................................... 309 10.4 Tests of the Model ....................................... 320 References .................................................... 322 Chapter 11. Effect of Increased C, N, Р, and S on the Global Storage of С R.A. Houghton and G.M. Woodwell Abstract ...................................................... 327 11.1 Introduction ............................................. 327 11.2 Direct Analyses .......................................... 328 11.3 Indirect Analyses Based on Limiting Factors .............. 329 11.4 Discussion ............................................... 337 11.5 Conclusions .............................................. 339 References .................................................... 340 Chapter 12. The Impact of Acid Deposition on the Cycles of C, N, Р, and S R.B. Cook Abstract ...................................................... 345 12.1 Introduction ............................................. 345 12.2 Estimates of Global Hydrogen Ion Fluxes .................. 346 12.3 Discussion of Results from Acidification Experiments ..... 348 12.4 Discussion ............................................... 357 References .................................................... 360 Chapter 13. Interactions of C, N, Р, and S in River Systems: A Biogeochemical Model J.E. Richey Abstract ...................................................... 365 13.1 Introduction ............................................. 366 13.2 A Biogeochemical Model of River Systems .................. 366 13.3 Role of Rivers in the Global Cycling of Elements ......... 375 13.4 Summary Statement ........................................ 379 References .................................................... 380 Chapter 14. Interactions in Estuaries and Coastal Waters R. Wollast Abstract ...................................................... 385 14.1 The River Input of Nutrients to the Ocean System ......... 385 14.2 Transfer of Matter through the Estuarine Zone ............ 389 14.3 Interactions of C,N, and Pin the Coastal Zone ............ 399 References .................................................... 405 Comment to Chapter 14: A Comment on the Behaviour of Dissolved Organic Carbon During Estuarine Mixing ................................ 408 J.D. Burton Chapter 15. The Exchange of Biogeochemically Important Gases Across the Air-Sea Interface P.S. Liss Abstract ...................................................... 411 15.1 Introduction ............................................. 411 15.2 Estimation of Air-Sea Gas Fluxes using the KAC Approach .. 412 15.3 Gas Fluxes Across the Air-Sea Interface .................. 414 15.4 Hydrogen ................................................. 414 15.5 Carbon ................................................... 416 15.6 Nitrogen ................................................. 419 15.7 Oxygen ................................................... 420 15.8 Sulphur .................................................. 421 15.9 Iodine ................................................... 423 References .................................................... 423 Chapter 16. Biogeochemical Cycles and the Air-Sea Exchange of Aerosols R.A. Duce Abstract ...................................................... 427 16.1 Introduction ............................................. 427 16.2 Sea-to-Air Transport of Aerosols ......................... 428 16.3 Air-to-Sea Transport of Aerosols ......................... 430 16.4 Carbon ................................................... 434 16.5 Sulphur .................................................. 439 16.6 Phosphorus ............................................... 444 16.7 Nitrogen ................................................. 446 16.8 Conclusions .............................................. 451 References .................................................... 453 Comment to Chapter 16 ......................................... 457 R.J. Charlson Chapter 17. Physical-Chemical Processes in the Open Ocean M.E. Fiadeiro Abstract ...................................................... 461 17.1 Introduction ............................................. 461 17.2 Circulation and Mixing ................................... 462 17.3 Sources and Sinks ........................................ 470 17.4 Conclusions .............................................. 473 References .................................................... 475 Chapter 18. Processes at the Sediment-Water Interface B.B. Jørgensen Abstract ...................................................... 477 18.1 Introduction ............................................. 477 18.2 Deposition of Organic Matter ............................. 479 18.3 Mineralization Processes ................................. 481 18.4 Nutrient Regeneration .................................... 489 18.5 Quantitative Aspects of Oxic Mineralization .............. 493 18.6 Quantitative Aspects of Anoxic Mineralization ............ 496 18.7 Regulating Mechanisms .................................... 501 18.8 Conclusions .............................................. 503 References .................................................... 503 Comment to Chapter 18: Cycling of Metabolizable C, N, P, and S in Organic-Rich Marine Sediments ............................ 509 C.S. Martens and H.W. Jannasch Chapter 19. Interactions Between the Carbon and Sulphur Cycles in the Marine Environment H.W. Jannasch Abstract ...................................................... 517 19.1 Introduction ............................................. 517 19.2 Sulphate Reduction ....................................... 518 19.3 Sulphur Oxidation ........................................ 519 19.4 Hydrothermal Vents ....................................... 522 References .................................................... 523 Index ......................................................... 527